@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Evaluation report of 11th professional training under watershed project at Fatehjang, Punjab-Pakistan<#LINE#>Muhammad Nisar @Khan,Sajida @Taj,Irum @Raza,Muhammad Zahid Ullah @Khan <#LINE#>1-10<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-010.pdf<#LINE#>Social Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad@Social Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad@Social Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad@Social Sciences Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad<#LINE#>4/2/2020<#LINE#>2/6/2020<#LINE#>This paper aimed to assess the effectiveness of training on professionals knowledge and skills and to provide suggestions that how can further improve the knowledge levels of respondents through effective training program in future. An 11th professional training on Watershed Rehabilitation & Irrigation Technology Improvement was organized by CAEWRI, NARC dated 12th to 14th May, 2015. The training was held at Fatehjang Field Station of NARC at district Punjab with the financial support of ICARDA and USDA. The main technologies discussed in training were drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, solar pumping irrigation and irrigation water scheduling. There were about thirty seven professionals become involved from different government and non-government organizations. Based on the pre and post-training findings, the participants interest and fondness in the training was exceptionally great. Further, the most positive thing of the training was the young professionals participation as 51 percent were belong to age group of (20-30) years. The mean observations of majority training respondents for instructors were positive as 28 percent were strongly agreed and 40 percent were simply agreed about the instructors teaching methods and presenting skills, their subject knowledge, answering to questions ability and keeping the respondent attention during training. Similarly the mean observations of training respondents for overall training were also good as 29 percent of respondents were strongly agreed and 47 percent were simply agreed regarding training relevancy, training facilities, subject information, supporting material, sufficient time for training and the overall quality of training workshop. It is evident from the results that majority of training respondents were rated the training course very positively. However, some respondents had showed neutral response and few were disagreed which indicates the possibility for improvement. Consequently, the post-training results had showed positive impact and an enormous change reported in respondents knowledge and awareness about the technologies. All training participants had showed much attention in training activities and assured that such training programs could generate positive awareness about the new inventions and will be much helpful in technologies dissemination in future. However, this short-term evaluation results indicate to us that this training course were of good quality and had relevant contents.<#LINE#>Chukwuemeka E. (2012).@Training and Development, A Vital Tool For Organizational Effectiveness.@A Case Study of Sterling Bank Nigeria Plc, 6(2), 48-57.@Yes$Bekchanov M. (2014).@Efficient water allocation and water conservation policy modeling in the Aral Sea Basin.@Doctoral dissertation, Universit&auml;ts -und Landesbibliothek Bonn.@Yes$Apospori E, Nikandrou I, Brewster C. and Papalexandris N. (2008).@HRM and organizational performance in northern and southern Europe.@The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(7), 1187-207.@No$Fanibuyan A. (2001).@Contemporary issues in human resources management and organizational behaviour.@@Yes$Cunha RC, Pina e Cunha M, Morgado A and Brewster C. (2002).@Market forces, strategic management, HRM practices and organizational performance.@A model based in a European sample.@Yes$Wheeler T and Kay M. (2010).@Food crop production, water and climate change in the developing world.@Outlook on Agriculture, 39(4), 239-43.@Yes$Dubois, Olivier (2011).@The state of the world@Earthscan.@Yes$Molden, David, ed (2013).@Water for food water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture.@Routledge.@Yes$Doss CR. (2006).@Analyzing technology adoption using micro studies: limitations, challenges, and opportunities for improvement.@Agricultural economics, 34(3), 207-19.@Yes$Strzepek K and Boehlert B. (2010). Competition for water for the food system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 365(1554), 2927-40.@undefined@undefined@Yes$V&ouml;r&ouml;smarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J and Lammers RB. (2000).@Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth.@Science, 289(5477), 284-8.@Yes$Drechsel, Pay, Sophie Graefe, MoiseSonou, and Olufunke O. Cofie (2006).@Informal irrigation in urban West Africa: An overview.@IWMI, Vol. 102.@Yes$Green G, Sunding D, Zilberman D and Parker D. (1996).@Explaining irrigation technology choices: a microparameter approach.@American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78(4), 1064-72.@Yes$Laube W. (2008).@Comparing Different Types of Irrigation in the Ghanaian White Volta Basin: Institutional, Socio-Economic and Agricultural Aspects.@InA Paper Presented at the Glowa-Volta Project (GVP) Workshop on Irrigation Options in the Changing Environment of the White Volta Basin.@Yes$Ward FA and Pulido-Velazquez M. (2008).@Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use.@Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(47), 18215-20.@Yes$Kulkarni S. (2011).@Innovative technologies for water saving in irrigated agriculture.@International journal of water resources and arid environments, 1(3), 226-31.@Yes$Foster AD and Rosenzweig MR. (2010).@Microeconomics of technology adoption.@Annu. Rev. Econ., 2(1), 395-424.@Yes$Carletto, Calogero, Angeli Kirk, Paul Winters, and Benjamin Davis (2007).@Non-traditional crops, traditional constraints: the adoption and diffusion of export crops among Guatemalan smallholders.@The World Bank.@Yes
<#LINE#>Political and social empowerment of the women of District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan<#LINE#>Sana @Mehmood <#LINE#>20-30<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-018.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan<#LINE#>4/4/2020<#LINE#>21/8/2020<#LINE#>The present research highlights the womens political participation and their empowerment in the District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The womens of  Gilgit-Baltistan, especially of district Ghizer,  are well-Enlighted or educated, comparatively less dependent on men in meeting their economic needs, own small scale business enterprises, say in household decision makings and support their families economically and emotionally, but their disengagement in the field of politics does questions the true sense of women empowerment in the area. in the political history of Gilgit-Baltistan, not even a single woman from the district Ghizer has got a chance to take part in the electoral process and serve the area and becoming the member of the Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly (GBLA) through the direct contesting election process. Although, In the GBLA, there are only six (6) reserved seats for women, which are insufficient as compared to their population ratio. The theory of Social Capital, most applicable theory, stated that networking among women can enhance their political decision makings and their involvement in politics. The sample of the study was two hundred (200) female respondents belonged to the District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. The data were collected through structured self-complexion closed-ended questionnaires. Clusters were pre-defined through the systematic sampling technique. Both descriptive (percentages and frequencies) and inferential (correlation, Chi-Square, and Regression) statistical data analysis techniques were applied through the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22.0. The findings of the study showed that direct political participation (contest elections) of women is very less or nil in the region. However, the majority of women are indirectly active in political activities. Moreover, women were active in election campaigns, party rallies, corner gatherings, and party meetings, etc. Furthermore, most of the respondents were agreed that they have a political association with the mainstream political parties of federal, do cast a vote for their favourite candidate and also consider politics as one of the viable career opportunities for them in the near future. There is no active political party in Gilgit-Baltistan level. All the political parties have belonged to the federal level. This showed that, politically, Gilgit-Baltistan is deprived and alienated from mainstream politics. So, that is why the direct political engagement of the women is not as much encouraging as in the other parts of the country. In addition, the inferential statistics, i.e. Chi-Square and linear Regression Test were applied, which showed that political participation empowered women in society. Hence it can be concluded that the more the women are politically engaged the much authority they have pertaining to female empowerment.<#LINE#>Zain, O, F. (2010).@A Socio-Political Study of Gilgit Baltistan Province.@Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 30(1), 181-190.@Yes$Bano, S. (2009).@Women in Parliament in Pakistan: Problems and Potential Solutions.@Womens Studies Journal, 23(1), 19-35.@Yes$Naz, A. Ibrahim and Waqar, A. (2012).@Socio-Cultural Impediments to Women Political Empowerment in Pashtun Society.@Academic Research International, 3(1), 2223-9944.@Yes$Aurat Foundation (2013).@Elections: Womens Representation in Legislatures.@accessed from http://www.af.org.pk/newsl/1390295273.pdf@No$Shamaas, S., Khattak, G. and Hussain, A. (2017).@Women Representation in Pakistani Legislatures: A Study of 2002, 2008 and 2013 General Elections.@South Asian Survey, 20(2), 199-205.@Yes$Mahmud, E. (2017).@The battle for Gilgit-Baltistan.@The news International, June 2015.@No$Aurat Foundation. (2012).@Pakistan NGO Alternative Report on CEDAW.@@No$Begum, S. (2018).@Womens Political Participation and Representation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.@Published Thesis. Preston University, Islamabad@No$State of Human Rights (2014).@Political participation.@Democratic Development.@Yes$Bhutta, R, Z. (2014).@Progress in Pakistan Depends on Womens Participation.@Counter Punch, August 28, 2014.@No$Mehmood, S. (2018).@An uphill battle: womens participation in the 2018 Pakistan elections.@South Asian Voices, August 28.@Yes$Ghauri, I. (2018).@106m registered voters in country.@The express tribune, May 23, 2018.@No$UN, Women (2014).@Political Empowerment of Women: Framework for Strategic Action.@Latin America and the Caribbean, (2014 -2017).@No$Barasa, E. (2019).@Peran United Nations entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women (un women).@dalam upaya mencegah terjadinya kekerasan terhadap perempuan di afghanistan periode 2011-2016. Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.@Yes$Ruiz, B, R & Mar&iacute;n, R, R. (2007).@The gender of representation: On democracy, equality, and parity.@The gender of representation, 6 (287).@Yes$Andersen, K. (1975).@Working Women and Political Participation, 1952-1972.@American Journal of political science, 19(3), 439-453.@Yes$Reynolds, A. (1998).@Women in the Legislatures and Executives of the World: Knocking at the Highest Glass Ceiling.@World Politics, 51(4), 547-572.@Yes$Bari, Farzana (1997).@Discovering Females representatives in local bodies in 83 Pakistan.@The Asia Foundation-Pakistan.@No$Bari, Farzana (2005).@Political Participation of Women Opportunities and Challenges.@Womens Studies Journal, Semantic Scholar, EGM/WPD-EE/2005/EP.12 3 November 2005.@No$Zaidi, Fatima (2014).@Pakistani Womens Active Participation in Politics Remains.@The News International, April 14, 2014.@No$Khan, Mustafizur, R. and Fardus, A. (2006).@Women, Participation and Empowerment in Local Government: Bangladesh Union Perished Perspective.@Asian Affairs, 29 (1), 73-92.@Yes$Stromquist, Nelly. P. (1999).@The Theoretical and Practical Based for Empowerment. Women Education and Empowerment: Pathways towards Autonomy.@New Delhi: Discovery publishing House, 13-22.@Yes$Bolzendahl, C. & Hilde, C. (2010).@Same Game, Different Rules Gender differences in Political Participation.@Open Access at Springerlink.com., 62(5-6), 318-333. 10.1007/s11199-009-9729-y.@Yes$Ghosh, R., Chakravarti, P., Mansi, K. (2015).@Womens empowerment and education: Panchayats and womens Self-help Groups in India.@Policy Futures in Education, 13(3), 294-314.@Yes$Brahmanandam, T. (2018).@Review of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment: Issues and Challenges.@Indian Journal of Public Administration, 64(1) 103-121.@Yes$Offenhauer, P. (2005).@Women in Islamic societies: a selected review of social scientific literature.@Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540&#8722;4840.@Yes$UN 2014.@Women in power and decision-making: Strengthening voices for democracy.@@No$Khalid, N, M., Ali, M, B., Noman, M. and Begam, A. (2015).@Dimensions of Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Pakistan.@Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 2222-2855.@No$UN Women (2015).@Facts and figures: Leadership and political participation.@@Yes$Aziz, Naheed and Tahira, Abdullah (2012).@Suggestions on Women, Empowerment for Election Manifestos of Political Parties.@Aurat publication and information service Foundation, November 2012.@Yes$Putnam, R. (1995).@Bowling alone: America@Journal of 86 Democracy, 6(1), 65-78.@Yes$Bourdieu, Pierre (1986).@The Forms of Capital. In: Richardson, J., Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education.@Westport, CT: Greenwood: 241-258.@Yes$Putnam, R. (2000).@Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community.@Simon and Schuster:  New York, NY. ISBN: 0-7432-0304-3@Yes$Shami, A, A. (2010).@Political Empowerment of Women in Pakistan.@Pakistan Vision, 10(1).@Yes$UN (2012).@United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.@@No$Lowndes, V. (2004).@Getting on or getting by? Women, Social Capital, and Political Participation.@The British Journal Politics & International Relations., 6(1), 45-64.@Yes
<#LINE#>Corruption and rent-seeking leadership; a hinderance to educational development in Yobe state; Implication and panacea<#LINE#>Ibrahim Ghide @Adamu,Adam Shaaba @Ahmed <#LINE#>31-38<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-019.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Social Development, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria@Department of Social Studies, Federal College of Education Katsina, Katsina State, Nigeria<#LINE#>8/4/2020<#LINE#>27/6/2020<#LINE#>This study examined corruption and rent-seeking leadership as a hinderance to educational development in Yobe State. The work examined the implications of corruption and rent-seeking leadership in the administration and management of education in Yobe State on the development of the sector in the state. It also came up with a number of policy suggestions as panacea to how corruption and rent-seeking leadership hindering the development of education in the state can be ameliorated. Secondary and primary methods were utilized in obtaining data for the study. Probability sampling technique was used as respondents chosen and involved in the study were selected using the stratified sampling technique. Descriptive statistic was adopted in analyzing respondents socio-demographic data while primary was analyzed using correlation analysis. Misappropriation of fund and shortage of facilities in schools are part of the implications of corruption and rent-seeking leadership on the development of education in Yobe State. Effective anti-corruption measures and supervision as well as auditing of school income and expenditures are panacea to corruption and rent-seeking leadership truncating education`s growth in Yobe.<#LINE#>UNESCO (2016).@International Bureau of Education. WDE Sub-Saharan Africa: Nigeria.@www.ibe.unesco.org/ fileadmin/userupload/archive/Countries/WDE/2006/SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA/Nigeria/Nigeria.htm January 8, 2018.@No$Torulagha, P.S. (2017).@The Corrosive Effect of Corruption on Nigerian Educational System.@www.gamji.com/article6000/NEWS7987.htm January 14, 2018.@No$Ogungbola, R. (2013).@Corruption weakens Nigeria`s Education Sector.@www.saharareporters.com/2013/04/01/ corruption-weakens-nigeria%E2%80%99s-education-sector-rotimi-0gungbola . January 21, 2018.@No$Olawole, J. (2017).@Problems of Education in Nigeria and their Solutions.@www.naija.ng/1104678-problems-education-nigeria-solutions.html@No$Agbor, U.I. (2012).@Leadership behavior and the Crises of State failure in Nigeria: Towards a transformational leadership attitude for addressing Nigeria`s State.@Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 2(4), 88-99.@Yes$Agbor, U.I. (2011).@Leadership attitude, development paradigms and Africa`s development: The necessity of the Confucian ethics.@EBSU Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 90-103.@No$Ezirim, G.E. (2010).@Contextualizing Nigeria in Global State failure debate.@www.unn.academia.edu . February 18, 2018.@No$Ebegbulam, J.C. (2009).@Corruption and Leadership Crisis in Africa: Nigeria in Focus.@Afroeuropa Journal, 3(2), 126-139.@No$Ogunwezeh, E.F. (2007).@Nigeria: A Failed State in the making.@www.nathernielturner.com .  February 18, 2018.@No$Imhonopi, D. and Ugochukwu, M.U. (2013).@Leadership Crisis and Corruption in the Nigeria Public Sector: An albatross of National Development.@Journal of the African Educational Research Network. 13(1), 78-87.@Yes$Noko, E.J. (2016).@Corruption in the Nigeria Education Sector. www.educaimfo.com/corruption_nigeria_education -sector/?v=1f05ffef197c . March 6, 2018.@undefined@No$Transparency International (2014).@Nigeria: Corruption and Insecurity.@www.transparency.org/news/feature/ nigeria_corruption_and_insecurity . March 4, 2018.@No
@Research Article
<#LINE#>The congruence effect of leadership and governance at the grassroots, a Nigerian perspective<#LINE#>Tolu @Lawal,Alonge @Opeyemi M. <#LINE#>39-44<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2019-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Public Administration, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria@Department of Public Administration, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<#LINE#>7/2/2020<#LINE#>6/4/2020<#LINE#>The effective administration of any society depends largely on the capacity of the leader. Every society must as a matter of fact have a leader either elected or appointed to pilot its affairs. In Nigeria, the grassroots is important as significant percentage of population still reside in local areas. This level is regarded as the closest government to the people, which also understand their peculiar needs and problems. It is therefore expected that leadership at this level should provide good governance to improve living standard of the local people. However, leadership performance in the rural areas has fallen short of expectation, thereby making good governance a tall dream. Based on this, the paper examined the leadership crisis and the crisis of governance at the grassroots with focus on the congruence effect of the former on the latter. The paper relied on content analysis method for its data. It was noted in the paper that poor leadership at the grassroots was responsible for governance crisis. The paper concluded that availability of good and transformational leaders at the grassroots will assist in entrenching good governance at the local government level.<#LINE#>Adamolekun, L. (2002).@Governance Context and Reorientation of Government.@In Adamolekun, L. (Ed.), Public Administration in Africa, Main Issues and Selected Country Studies. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited.@No$Agagu, A.A. (2010).@Theory and Practice of Public Administration.@Ado Ekiti. Department of Political Science, University of Ado-Ekiti.@No$Akinrilola, I. (2018).@Ondo Local Government Caretaker Committee Dissolves.@Idanre Hill Media Station, April 4, 2018.@No$Anam-Ndu, E. A. (2006).@The Leadership Question in Nigeria: A Presciptive Exploration.@Geo-Ken Associates.@Yes$Appadorai, A. (1975).@The Substance of Politics.@New Delhi: Oxford University Press.@No$Bamigboye, I.O. (2000).@Organizational Behavior.@Lagos: Selak Educational Publishers.@No$Banfield, E.C. (1967).@The Moral Basis of a Backward Society.@Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.@Yes$Davis, J.S. (2011).@Challenging Governance Theory: From Network to Hegemony.@New York: Policy Press.@Yes$Ferragina, E. (2009).@The Never-Ending Debate About the Moral Basis of a Backward Society: Banfield and Amoral Familism.@Journal of Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1(2), 141-160.@Yes$Lawal, T. & Owolabi, D. (2012).@Leadership Debade: the Bane of Good Governance in Nigeria.@Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 10, 271-299.@No$Ngethe, A.F. & Owiti, J. (2002). Determination of Civic Leadership in Africa: An Exploration Study of NGDOS in Kenya. Paper Presented at the 5th Conference of the International Society for Third Sector Research in Cape Town. Septmber, 7-10, 2002.@undefined@undefined@No$Ogundiya, I.S. (2010).@Religions Ideals and Responsible Leadership: the Shepherd Model and Lesson for Nigerias Fledging Democracy.@Current Research Journal of Social Science, 2(4), 242-248.@No$Oke, L. (2001).@Local Government System in Nigeria in F. Omotoso.@(Ed.), Contemporary Issues in Public Administration. Ibadan: Johnmof Printers Limited.@No$Omilusi, M. (2013).@Democratic Governance in Nigeria, Key Issues and Challenges.@Akure. Adex Printing Press.@No$Omolayo, B. (2006).@Leadership and Citizenship Development in Nigeria.@In A.A. Agagu & F. Omotoso (Eds.), Citizenship Education & Governmental Process. Ado-Ekiti: Julius and Julius Publishers.@Yes$Onighinde, A. (2007).@Governance and Leadership in Nigeria.@Ibadan: Hope Publications Ltd.@No$Onyekachi, J. (2016).@Structural Defect in Local Government Re-Organisation in Ebonyi State Nigeria: Implications on Grassroot Democratic Development.@Review of Public Administration and Management, 4(2), 188-196.@No$Rahman, M. (2005).@Visionary Leadership with Bold Initiative for National Development Bangladsh Position in Asia.@African Affairs January-March.@Yes$Sapru, R.K. (2013).@Administrative Theories and Management Thought.@Dehli: PHI Leaving Private Limited.@Yes$Sharma, M.P., Sadana, B.L. & Harpreet, K. (2011).@Public Administration in Theory and Practice New Dehli: Kitab Mahal Agencies.@@No$Ukaegbu, C. (2010).@Nigeria Beyond Good Governance at 50.@Retrieved from http//:www.allafrica.com/stories/ 20100628063.html. Consulted on January 5, 2012.@Yes$World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Development Committee) (2006).@Strengthening Bank Group Engagement on Governance and Anti Corruption, 8 September.@@No
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Rural vulnerability context and livelihood challenges in serchhip district Mizoram, India<#LINE#>K. @Vanlalhruaizela <#LINE#>45-50<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-014.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Social Work, ICFAI University Mizoram, India<#LINE#>12/3/2020<#LINE#>27/7/2020<#LINE#>Assessing vulnerability context is one of the important tasks in any livelihood study which is also included in the Sustainable Livelihood Framework. The present study analysed the vulnerability context of two selected villages of Serchhip district Mizoram by using participatory method of seasonality diagram. Services and opportunities map was also used to assess the context. The livelihood challenges and coping strategies was also explored using semi structured interview schedule. The findings of seasonality diagram demonstrated that rainfall accompanied by landslides and transportation problem is the main factors for rural vulnerability. Regarding the livelihood challenges, the main challenges described were irregularity of income, low price of crops, poor health, lack of livelihood options, inadequate human labour, poor quality of agricultural land and geographical location of village; long distance of agricultural land, educational expenditure for children, consumption of crops by animals and poor conditions of road respectively. The coping strategies stated were hard working, praying, economising, borrowing, withdraw money from savings, assistance from relatives, hiring labour and plan for new livelihood activities respectively. These challenges and coping strategies were all related to agriculture where it needs special attention and consideration in promoting rural livelihood. The study offered recommendations like promoting off farm activities, credit linkages, better infrastructures, health care services and environmental protection.<#LINE#>Chambers, R. (2006).@Vulnerability, coping and policy.@IDS Bulletin Institute of Development Studies, 37(4), 33-40.@No$UNDP (2004).@Reducing Disaster Risk a Challenge for Development, a Global report.@UNDP Bureau for Crisis  Prevention and Recovery: New York.@Yes$DFID (1999).@Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheet.@Department of International Development (DFID): London.@Yes$Kimani, N.C., & Bhardwaj, S.K. (2015).@Assessment of peoples perceptions and adaptations to climate change and variability in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh, India.@International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 47-60.@Yes$Holmes, R., and Jones, N. (2011).@Gender inequality, risk and vulnerability in the rural economy: Re-focusing the public works agenda to take account of economic and social risks.@ESA Working Paper, 11(13), 1-59.@Yes$Dercon, S., Hoddinottb, J., & Woldehanna, T. (2005).@Shocks and consumption in 15 Ethiopian villages, 1999-2004.@Journal of African Economies, 14(4), 559-585.@Yes$Francis, E. (2002).@Rural livelihoods, institutions and vulnerability in North West Province South Africa.@Journal of Southern African Studies, 28(3), 531-550.@Yes$Slater, R. (2002).@Differentiation and Diversification: Changing Livelihoods in Qwaqwa, South Africa.@Journal of Southern African Studies, 28(3), 599-614.@Yes$Kaushik, G., & Sharma, K.C. (2015).@Climate change and rural livelihoods: Adaptation and vulnerability in Rajasthan.@Global NEST Journal, 17(1), 41-49.@Yes$Karim, M.R., Muhammad,N., Anne, D.S., & Narayanarao, B. (2017).@Poverty, climate change challenges and coping strategies of small scale farm household..@International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 5(1), 87-96.@Yes$Rashid, D.A., Langworthy, M., & Aradhyula, S.V. (2006). Livelihood Shocks and Coping Strategies: An Empirical Study of Bangladesh Households, American Agricultural Economics Association, 21231, 1-27.@undefined@undefined@Yes$GOM (2014).@Statistical Handbook Mizoram.@Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Mizoram: Standard Laser Print: Aizawl.@No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>Effect of lock down during COVID-19 prevention program on migrant labours in India<#LINE#>Renu @Gandhi <#LINE#>51-55<#LINE#>7.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-036.pdf<#LINE#>DLLL & E, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India<#LINE#>29/6/2020<#LINE#>10/9/2020<#LINE#>The emerging and uncontrollable pandemic COVID-19 problem has affected each individual of the world in one form or the other in versatile ways. In spite of tremendous efforts of government to provide daily needs and necessary requirements of common man, instability has arisen amongst people of different professions. Present study demonstrates the effect of lock down on migrant labours of India. Various challenges faced by migrant labours, abnormality in lifestyles and role of community in contributing to unstable lifestyle of migrant labours during lock down period are discussed and analyzed. The drastic deterioration of socio-economic and other factors in second phase of lock down in comparison to first lock down phase are also discussed. Measures taken by government of India to tackle migrant labours issues and its further consequences from future aspects are elaborated in the present work.<#LINE#>Gandhi R. (2020).@Impact of COVID-19 on Chandigarh-Its causes, consequences and role of community in preventing its transmission.@International Journal of Applied Research, 6(4), 308-313.@Yes$Srivastava R. and Sutradhar, R. (2016).@Labour Migration to the Construction Sector in India and its Impact on Rural Poverty.@Indian Journal of Human Development, 10(1), 27-48.@Yes$Jean Dr&egrave;ze, Farzana Afridi, Purnima Menon and Shahid Vaziralli (2020).@The impact of COVID-19 on informal and migrant workers in India@13th May, 2020  https:// www.theigc.org/event/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-informal-and-migrant-workers-in-india/ Accessed 11/07/2020.@No$Gupta, R. Pal and S.K. Pandey, G. (2020).@A Comprehensive Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak situation in India.@https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058347@Yes$Nivriti Mohan (2020).@Coronavirus lockdown had devastating impacts on migrant workers in Delhi, but there were large and beneficial behavioral changes.@Zee news, https://zeenews.india.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-had-devastating-impacts-on-migrant-workers-in-delhi-but-there-were-large-and-beneficial-behavioral-changes-2284244. html. Accessed 11/07/2020.@No$Bhatia, R. and Abraham, P.  (2020).@Lessons learnt during the first 100 days of COVID-19 pandemic in India.@Indian J Med Res, 151, 387-391 DOI:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1925_ 20.@Yes$Khetrapal, S.  and Bhatia, R. (2020).@Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on health system & Sustainable Development Goal 3.@Indian J. Med. Res., 151, 395-399. DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1920_20@Yes$PTI (2020).@Lockdown in India has impacted 40 million internal migrants: World Bank.@The Economic Times, 2020, April 23, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ news/politics-and-nation/lockdown-in-india-has-impacted-40-million-internal-migrants-world-bank/articleshow/ 75311966.cms?from=mdr. Accessed 11/07/2020.@No$Ashok, S. and Thomas, N. (2014).@A study on issues of inter -state migrant labourers in India.@International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5(7) 91-94.@Yes$A. Ray (2020).@Coronavirus lockdown: Indian Railways starts first special train for migrant workers.@Livemint (2020, May 1) https://www.livemint.com/news/india/first-special-train-starts-for-migrant-workers-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-11588313205885.html. Accessed 11/07/2020.@No$Mohanakumar, S. (2018). Deepak K. Mishra (Ed.).@Internal Migration in Contemporary India.@The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 61, 181-185, https://doi.org /10.1007/s41027-018-0129-0@Yes$A. 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(2014).@Migration and Aspirations-Are Migrants Trapped on a Hedonic Treadmill?.@IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 3(1), 1-21.@Yes$Deshingkar, P., Khandelwal R. and Farrington J. (2008). Support for migrant workers: The missing link in Indias development, Natural Resource Perspectives, 117:1-4.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Reja M.S. and Das, B. (2019).@Labour Migration within India: Motivations and Social Networks.@South Asia Research, 39(2), 125-142.@Yes$Geeta Pandey (2020).@Coronavirus in India: Desperate migrant workers trapped in lockdown.@BBC News, Delhi, (2020, April 22) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52360757. 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@Short Review Paper
<#LINE#>Weather based crop insurance scheme: opportunities and challenges<#LINE#>Ravi @Dupdal,B.L. @Patil,S.L. @Patilq,B.S. @Naik <#LINE#>56-59<#LINE#>8.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-001.pdf<#LINE#>ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Ballari-583 104, Karnataka, India@Department of Agricultural Economics, UAS, Dharwad-580005, Karnataka, India@ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Ballari-583 104, Karnataka, India@ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Centre, Ballari-583 104, Karnataka, India<#LINE#>6/1/2020<#LINE#>5/5/2020<#LINE#>Agriculture contribution to Indian economy was enormous and play important role in providing employment to nearly about 50-60 percent. But, agriculture is uncertain especially for small land holders since weather and climatic uncertainty with irregular monsoon, and natural disasters along with risk involved in inputs have a considerable impact on yields. Further, Agriculture production and productivity was highly depending on weather and climatic factors which are behind the human control. Reduction of weather related risk experienced by farmers was most difficult task. Loss in farmers crop yields due to adverse weather conditions was successfully addressed by weather insurance and it provide insurance protection to farmers especially in adverse situations. Despite government efforts to implement the scheme to whole country, penetration of the scheme among farming community was very low and unattractive. Hence, Broad based product need to be introduced which cover maximum perils and simultaneously private firms participation need to be encouraged to provide service to farming community. In addition, with proper training and capacity building program along with improved inputs, advanced technologies and weather infrastructure could protect the interest of farmers and also minimize the risk in agriculture.<#LINE#>Raju, K. V., Naik, G., Ramseshan, R., Pandey, T., Joshi, P., Anantha, K. H., & Kumara Charyulu, D. (2016).@Transforming Weather Index-Based Crop Insurance in India: Protecting Small Farmers from Distress.@Status and a Way Forward. Research Report IDC-8.@Yes$Srinivasarao, Ch., Gopinath, K.A., Prasad, J.V.N.S., Prasanna kumar and Singh, A. K. (2016).@Climate Resilient Villages for Sustainable Food Security in Tropical India: Concept, Process, Technologies, institutions, and Impacts.@Advances in Agronomy, 140(3), 101-214.@Yes$Bal, S. K. and Minhas, P.S. (2017).@Atmospheric Stressors: Challenges and Coping Strategies.@In: P.S. Minhas et al. (eds) Abiotic Stress Management for Resilient Agriculture, Springers Nature Singapore Pte. Ltd., pp.9-50. DOI-10.1007/978-981-10-5744-1_2.@Yes$Srinivasa Rao, Ch., Senthil, V. and Meena, P. C. (2019).@Challenges and Emerging Opportunities in Indian Agriculture.@ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, India. pp. 321.@No$Raju, S. S. and Chand, R. (2009).@Problems and progress in agricultural insurance in India.@NCAP Policy Brief No. 31. New Delhi: National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research.@Yes$Dupdal, Ravi and Patil, B. L. (2017).@Economic analysis of farmers awareness and perception about weather based crop insurance as tool of mitigation against climate variability in north Karnataka.@Int. J. Com. & Busi. Manage, 10(2), 77-82.@No$Ashoka, M. L and Reddy H. S. N. B. (2015).@Crop Insurance: Performance of WBCIS in India.@Int. J. Econ. & Busi. rev., 3(9), 113-120.@No$INDG, (2008).@Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme.@(WBCIS). http://www.indg.in/agriculture/ Schemes/ Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme.html.@No$AICOFINDIA (2013).@Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd (AICIL).@New Delhi. www.aicofindia.org accessed 2007 to 2012, pp. 48-51.@No$Government of India (2014).@Report of the Committee to Review the Implementation of Crop Insurance Schemes in India.@New Delhi: Ministry of Agriculture.@No$Clarke, D. J., Mahul, O., Rao, K. N. and Verma, N. (2012).@Weather based crop insurance in India. Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank.@www.elibrary.worldbank. org/doi/pdf/10.@No
<#LINE#>Radiation technology a health care innovation: a socio-technical perspective of x-ray to CT scan transition<#LINE#>Harish Puri @Goswami <#LINE#>60-65<#LINE#>9.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-015.pdf<#LINE#>Centre for Studies in Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India<#LINE#>14/3/2020<#LINE#>6/8/2020<#LINE#>Technologies do not fulfil societal functions on their own. They themselves have no power and do nothing. They are never applied in a vacuity, but invariably in an application area. They are composed of various artefacts, organizations, scientists, legislations, norms, and values scattered over time, place, crossing over several boundaries. They are structured to help and full fill its functions. They are emerged not just from an individual, firm, but from a wide network of system of actors (Universities, research institutes, government programs, R&D departments in firms)1. This paper evaluates the technology, radiation from a socio-technical system analysis perspective. The study identifies the niches, regimes and landscape accounts for the transition of X-ray to a Computed Tomography (CT) scan technology. Through a multi-level perspective analysis, the study finds that the technology X-ray encompasses all five regimes: technological-industrial, science-laboratories and scientists and universities, user/market-industrial, medical services, airport, aerospace and so on, policy-Indian government, and socio-cultural-patients, womens etcetera. It inhibits all dimensions of the socio-technical system. The landscape created before the arrival of the radiation technology-X-ray, supported several novelties like; K&ouml;nig tube, Gilberts electron, Torricellis barometer, Faradays anode and cathode, Eugen Golsteins cathode ray, accumulated and resulted in the discovery X-ray and later to a CT scan technology-creating a seamless web with various regimes before its use in medical care management.<#LINE#>Geels, F. W. (2005).@Technological Transitions and System Innovations-A Co-Evolutionary and Socio-Technical Analysis.@Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.@Yes$Hughes, T. P. (1987).@The evolution of large technological systems.@In W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes, & T. Pinch (Eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (pp. 51-82). Cambridge: MA: MIT Press.@Yes$Einspruch, V. K. 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(2006).@New Technologies in Health Care-Challenge, Change and Innovation.@Netherlands: Palgrave Macmillan.@Yes$Indian Radiology and Imaging Association (RIA) (2015).@A brief history of Indian Radiology@Retrieved April 11, 2015, from http://www.refindia.net/rindia/history.htm@No$Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai. (2001).@Safety Code for Medical Diagnostic X-ray Equipment and Installations@. Retrieved April 9, 2015.@Yes