@Research Article
<#LINE#>Physico-Environmental Impacts of Dombandi Micro-Watershed Project in Ausgram Block - II of Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>Raj Kumar @Samanta <#LINE#>1-4<#LINE#>1.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-066.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, India<#LINE#>7/10/2020<#LINE#>30/1/2021<#LINE#>Watershed is a geo-hydrological unit that drains rain water to a common point through runoff. Micro-watershed lies at the lowest level of river system hierarchy. It is considered as an important planning unit. Watershed development fulfills all basic development demands in rural areas. Dombandi micro-watershed project of Ausgram Block - II of Barddhaman district has positive impacts on physico-environmental conditions like - increase in case of ground water level, decrease in soil erosion, decrease in wasteland, increase in vegetative cover and improvement in land use land cover situation. In this paper all such impacts have been clearly analyzed. Various problems and prospects have been also discussed. The paper is based on both primary and secondary data base. Extensive field work has been done. Simple statistical and cartographic techniques have been used.<#LINE#>Rajora Rajesh (1998).@Integrated Watershed Management, Rawat Publications.@Jaipur and New Delhi, India.@No$Singh Savindra (2015).@Fundamentals of Hydrology.@Pravalika Publications, Allahabad, India.@No$Sharma, D. D. and Kumar, Ashwani (2007).@Theory and Practice of watershed management in Himachal Pradesh.@Geographical Review of India, 69(2), 114-122.@No$Palanisami, K. and D, Suresh Kumar (2009).@Impacts of watershed development programmes: Experiences and evidences from Tamil Nadu.@Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22 (Conference Number), 387-396.@Yes$Prakasam, C. (2010).@Land Use and Land Cover change detection through remote sensing approach: A case study of Kodaikanal Taluk, Tamil Nadu.@International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 1(2), 150-158.@Yes
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>E-Government in Bangladesh: Progress, Problems, Promises<#LINE#>Tanveer @Ahmad <#LINE#>5-15<#LINE#>2.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-041.pdf<#LINE#>Dept of Mass Communication and Journalism University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh<#LINE#>3/7/2020<#LINE#>12/12/2020<#LINE#>The application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) by the government to deliver various services to the public, to ensure citizens better access to public information, to simplify and ameliorate the process of governance refers as e-Government. Developing countries taking inspiration from developed nations success in streamlining governance through e-Government, trying to adapt and replicate initiatives. Bangladesh ranks high among these aspiring nations. Nonetheless, there are hordes of predicaments that impede the effective execution of e-government in Bangladesh. This article relied on archival analysis of relevant laws, policy documents and academic papers on the issue and drawn conclusions based on these. It presented the concept of e-Government; discussed benefits to gain, barriers to face and probable road ahead for developing countries with special focus on Bangladesh. From the appraisal of existing programmes it is detected that e-Government holds many prospects for Bangladesh. If implemented properly it will enhance competence, increase transparency and will augment socio-economic development.<#LINE#>UNDESA (2016).@United Nations E-Government Survey 2016: E-Government in Support of Sustainable Development.@New York: United Nations.@No$UNDESA (2018).@United Nations E-Government Survey 2018: Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies.@New York: United Nations.@No$Webster, J. & Watson, R. T. (2002).@Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review.@MIS Quarterly, 26: 2, xiii-xxiii.@No$Prattipati, S. (2003).@Adoption of e-Governance: Differences Between Countries in the Use of Online Government Services.@Journal of American Academy of Business, 3(1/2), 386-401.@No$Heeks, R. (2003).@Most e Government for Development Projects Fail: How Can Risks Be Reduced, Manchester: Institute for Development Policy and Management.@@Yes$Carter, L. & Belanger F. (2005).@The Utilization of E-government Services: Citizen Trust, Innovation and Acceptance Factors.@Information Systems Journal, 15(1), 5-25.@Yes$Mittal, Dr. P. & Kaur, A. (2013).@E-Governance - A Challenge for India.@International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology, 2(3), 1196-1199.@No$Schuppan, T. (2009).@E-Government in Developing Countries: Experiences from Sub-Saharan Africa.@Government Information Quarterly, 26(1), 118-127.@Yes$Jin-Wan, S. & Hasan, M. G. M. (2015).@Where are E-governments in South Asian Countries? A Comparative Approach.@South Asian Studies, 30:2, 7-24.@Yes$Liton, S. and Habib, M.A. (2015).@Analyzing Challenges and Opportunities of the Implementation of E-Government in Bangladesh.@Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology: G Interdisciplinary, 15(1), 21-28.@Yes$Chowdhury, M. H. and Satter, A.K.M. Z. (2013).@Citizen Perspective E-Governance Model for Developing Countries: Bangladesh Context.@American Journal of Modeling and Optimization, 1(3), 43-46.@Yes$Joia, L.A. (2006).@Building Government to Government Enterprises in Khoshrow-Pour, M.@ed. Encyclopedia of E-Commerce, E-Government, and Mobile Commerce, Hershey & London: Idea Group Reference, 72-77.@Yes$infoDev World Bank (2009).@e-Government Primer.@Washington, DC: infoDev/World Bank@No$OECD (2003).@The e-Government Imperative.@Paris: OECD e-Government Studies, p23.@No$European Commission (2016).@Glossary: E-government.@Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:E-government@No$Baum, C. & Maio, A. D. (2000).@What Is E-Government?.@Gartner@Yes$Chen, Y. N., Chen, H. M., Huang, W., & Ching, R. K. (2006).@E-Government Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries: An Implementation Framework and Case Study.@Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 23-46.@Yes$Cook, M. E., La Vigne, M. F., Pagano, C. M., Dawes, S. S., & Pardo, T. A. (2002).@Making a Case for Local E-Government, Albany.@NY: University at Albany, State University of New York.@No$OECD (2003).@The e-Government Imperative.@Paris: OECD e-Government Studies, p23.@No$Okot-Uma, R. W. (2004).@Electronic Governance: A Conceptual Framework.@Commonwealth Public Administration Reform 2004, London: The Stationery Office, 283-286.@No$Scholl, H. J. (2017).@E-Government in Oxford Bibliographies.@Retrieved from https://www.oxfordbibli ographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756841/obo-9780199756841-0186.xml@No$Baum, C. & Maio, A. D. (2000).@Gartners four Phases of e-Government Model.@Stamford: Gartner Group Inc.@No$Layne, K. and Lee, J. (2001).@Developing Fully Functional E-government: A Four Stage Model.@Government Information Quarterly, 18(2), 122-136.@Yes$Hiller, J. & Belanger, F. (2002).@Privacy Strategies for Electronic Government, in Abramson, M.A. & Means, G.E. (Eds.).@E-Government 2001, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing, Inc.,162-198.@Yes$UNDESA (2008).@United Nations e-Government Survey 2008: From e-Government to Connected Governance.@New York: United Nations.@Yes$Viik, L., Nyman-Metcalf K., Astok H., Viiderfeld, T., Kaljurand, K. & Puua, M. (2019).@Guidelines and Roadmap for Full Deployment of e-Governance Systems in Africa: Final Report.@European Commission.@Yes$UNESCO (2005).@E-Government Toolkit for Developing Countries.@New Delhi: UNESCO and Regional Bureau for Communication and Information in Asia and the Pacific; National Informatics Centre (India).@No$The Working Group on E-Government in the Developing World (2002).@Road Map for E-government in the Developing World: 10 Questions E-Government Leaders Should Ask Themselves.@Los Angeles, CA: Pacific Council on International Policy.@Yes$Siddiquee, N. A. (2013).@e-Government in Bangladesh: The Dawn of Citizen-Centric Public Administration? In Sabharwal, M. & Berman, E. M. eds.@Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, New York: Taylor and Francis, 317-335.@Yes$Center for Policy Dialogue (2007).@Bangladesh Vision 2021: Preparing under the Initiative of Nagorik Committee 2006.@Dhaka: Center for Policy Dialogue, vii- viii.@No$Access to Information Programme (2011).@Strategic Priorities of Digital Bangladesh.@Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@No$Korea International Cooperation Agency (2018).@e-Government Master Plan for Digital Bangladesh.@Dhaka: Bangladesh Computer Council.@No$UNDESA (2018).@United Nations E-Government Survey 2018: Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies.@New York: United Nations.@No$Huawei (2019).@Powering Intelligent Connectivity with Global Collaboration: Mapping your transformation into a digital economy with GCI 2019.@Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd@No$World Economic Forum (2019).@Global Competitiveness Report 2019.@Cologny/Geneva: World Economic Forum.@No$Kaufmann, D. and Kraay, A. (2019).@Worldwide Governance Indicators.@Retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Reports@No$Portulans Institute (2019).@Network Readiness Index 2019: Towards a Future-Ready Society.@Washington D.C.: Portulans Institute & The World Information Technology and Services Alliance.@Yes$World Justice Project (2020).@World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2020.@Washington, DC: World Justice Project.@No$Access to Information Programme (2020). Retrieved from https://a2i.gov.bd/about/@undefined@undefined@No$Access to Information Programme (2016).@A TCV + Study on National Portal Service.@Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@No$The World Bank (2016).@New Trade Portal makes it Easier to do Business in Bangladesh.@March 17, Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2016/03/17/new-trade-portal-makes-it-easier-to-do-business-in-bangladesh@No$Access to Information Programme (2018) Union Digital Centres: Reaching the Unreached through an Innovative Public Private Entrepreneurship Model, Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@undefined@undefined@No$Access to Information Programme (2019).@Honorable ICT Affairs Adviser to HPM Launched ekSheba, ekPay and ekShop.@Retrieved from https://a2i.gov.bd/event/hpm-launched-eksheba-ekpay-and-ekshop/@Yes$Office of the Registrar General, Birth & Death Registration (2000).@Welcome to Office of the Registrar General, Birth & Death Registration.@Retrieved from http:// br.lgd.gov.bd/english.html@No$Access to Information Programme (2014).@e-Tathyakosh: Enhancing Access to Livelihood Information.@Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@No$Access to Information Programme (2018).@A TCV+ Satisfaction Survey on Land e-Porcha Service from UDC: An Impact Analysis.@Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@No$Hoque, M.R., Mazmum, M.F.A. and Bao, Y. (2014).@e-Health in Bangladesh: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Direction.@The International Technology Management Review, 4(2), 87-96.@No$Access to Information Programme (2020a).@Accelerating G2P Payment Digitization:  Lessons from the Field, Dhaka: Prime Ministers Office.@@No$UNDESA (2018).@United Nations E-Government Survey 2018: Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies, New York: United Nations.@@No
<#LINE#>A quantitative analysis of social and economic development among Indian states<#LINE#>S.N. @Nandy <#LINE#>16-26<#LINE#>3.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-061.pdf<#LINE#>HARSAC, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Campus, Hisar-125004, India<#LINE#>9/9/2020<#LINE#>1/12/2020<#LINE#>Economic growth has a direct relationship with social development of a country as a whole. But the growth of economy is not always equitable to its social counterparts and often the development is concentrated in some areas/regions. The quantification of social progress is much complex and combination of multiple paramaters as compared to the economic development, which has several well-defined of mesurement creterias across the world. The present paper is an effort to quantify the social progress made by the states of India with respect to their economic growth. The common trend observed that the states with larger economy leads to achieve higher social progress. Though some states having meager economy, performed moderately in social front. Kerala is the best example of it, as the state having comparatively lower NSDP, scored top in social progress. Other notable progress on social front has been done by the states like Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab and Sikkim. Though such analyses require a long term time-series data on varous parameters to find out the causal relationship between economic growth and social progress. Moreover, higher economic growth is not always contributing the social progress equally for every region/sectors of the society. The paper presents a detailed compilation of some socio-economic paramaters including GDP per capita, its growth rate, unemployment rate, poverty line population in rural/urban areas, human development index and their distribution across the states. The information presented in the paper is a dispersal outline of above mentioned parameters in readily available module, which could be used as a reference by the stakeholders and administrator/planners for their valued judgement and assessment.<#LINE#>Shobha, K. and Ambiga, D.P. (2014).@Inter-state disparities in India: Linkages between human development and economic indicators.@Journal of Global Economics, 2(3), 1-3.@Yes$Bhattacharyya, S; Burman, R.R. and Paul, S. (2019).@The concept of measuring happiness and how India can go the Nordic way.@Current Science, 116(1), 26-28.@Yes$Helliwell, J., Layard, R. and Sachs, J.D. (2018).@World Happiness Report 2018.@Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York. https://s3.amazonaws. com/happiness-report/2018/WHR_web.pdf accessed on 10.10.2020.@No$Nandy, S.N. (2019).@Development disparities in India: an inter-state and intra-state comparison.@Journal of Land and Rural Studies, 7(2), 99-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/ 2321024919844407.@Yes$Pal, P. and Ghosh, J. (2007).@Inequality in India: A survey of recent trends.@DESA Working Paper No. 45 ST/ESA/2007/DWP/45. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, pp. 30.@Yes$Dreze, J. and Sen, A. (1999).@India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity.@OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press (No. 9780198295280).@Yes$Akbar, K. (2011).@Relationship between GDP and Human Development Indices in India.@Society of interdisciplinary Business Research, Conference on Interdisciplinary Business Research, Bu Ali Sina University. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1867887.@Yes$Das, A. (1999).@Socio-economic development in India: a regional analysis.@Development and Society, 28(2), 313-345.@Yes$Ohlan, R. (2013).@Pattern of Regional Disparities in Socio-economic Development in India: District Level Analysis.@Social Indicators Research, 114(3), 841-873.@Yes$Pal, S.K. (1998).@Statistics for geoscientists: techniques and applications.@Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 610.@Yes$State of Indian Agriculture (2016).@Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare.@Government of India, New Delhi, pp. 280.@No$Labour Bureau Report (2016).@Ministry of Social Justice & Employment.@Government of India, New Delhi.@Yes$Kapoor, R. (2013).@Inequality matters.@Economic and Political Weekly, XLVIII(2), 58-65.@Yes$Nandy, S.N. (2014).@Road infrastructure in economically under-developed North-east India: a district level study.@Journal of Infrastructure Development, 6(2), 131-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0974930614564648.@Yes$Porter, M.E., Stern, S. and Green, M. (2014).@Social Progress Index 2014.@Social Progress Imperative, Washington DC. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/ Deloitte/cr/Documents/public-sector/2014-Social-Progress-IndexRepIMP.pdf accessed on 10.10.2020.@No$Kapoor, A., Kapoor, M. and Lrylova, P. (2017).@Social Progress Index: States of India 2005-2016.@Institute for Competitiveness, Gurugram. Pp 34.@Yes$Kapoor, A. and Yadav, C. (2016).@Business Standard publication on 13.12.2016.@retrieved from http://www. business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jayalalithaa-pres ented-indiaalternate-model-of-development-column-active voice-116121300201_1.html.@No$Mundle, S., Chowdhury, S. and Sikdar, S. (2016).@Government performance of Indian states 2001-02 and 2011-12.@NIPFP working paper no. 164, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delh, pp. 35.@Yes$Chatterjee, A., Chakrabarty, A.S., Ghosh, A., Chakraborty, A., and Nandi, T.K. (2016).@Invariant features of spatial inequality in consumption: The case of India.@Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 442,@Yes$Ministry of Finance, Government of India (2013).@Report of the committee for evolving composite development index of states.@pp. 49.@No
@Short Review Paper
<#LINE#>Economic value of water resources of South Kashmir, India<#LINE#>Arif Ahmad @Dar,Hilal Ahmad @Shah <#LINE#>27-29<#LINE#>4.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-056.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of History, GDC, D.H. Pura Kulgam, Jammu & Kashmir, India@Dept. of History, GDC, D.H. Pura Kulgam, Jammu & Kashmir, India<#LINE#>26/8/2020<#LINE#>10/1/2021<#LINE#>The economic prosperity of south Kashmir essentially depends both directly or indirectly on its water resources. What makes south Kashmir so distinct? Many things, but exclusively its water resources such as snow-cappedmountains, crisscrossed by rivers and sprinkled with lakes, springs, canals which originate from this region of India. Like other parts of India ,the character of water resources of south Kashmir are very significant for the growth of many sectors  of Indian economy like agriculture, hydroelectricity, food, construction, transport, minerals, industry etc. the water bodies of south Kashmir are directly or indirectly good sources of revenue for the Indian government.<#LINE#>Mahajan Gourav (2009).@Know about the State of Jammu and Kashmir.@Vishal Pub. Delhi,p 24. ISBN: 9789313169161@No$Hussain Majid (1998).@Geography of Jammu and Kashmir.@Rajesh Pub. Delhi, p 7. ISBN: 8185891168@No$Lawrence W. R. (1985).@Provincial Gazetteer.@Rima Pub. Delhi, p 7. ASIN: B0006EL0LS@No$Qazi S. A. (2008).@Geography of India.@APH Pub. Delhi, p 210. ISBN: 8176481467@No$Koul Pandith Anand (2008).@Ancient Geography of J&K.@Gulshan Pub. Srinagar, p 103. ISBN: 8183391281@No$Bamzai Prithvi Nath Koul (1971).@History of Kashmir@Metro Pub. Delhi, p 487. ISBN: 9788183394260@No$Singh R. N. (1973).@Geography by National Geographical society of India.@USB Pub. Delhi, p 363. ISBN: 8185273189@No
<#LINE#>Birth control movement in colonial India: exploring reproductive health issues<#LINE#>Dipti @Tripathi <#LINE#>30-34<#LINE#>5.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-065.pdf<#LINE#>Department of History, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India<#LINE#>27/9/2020<#LINE#>5/1/2021<#LINE#>Birth control movement was started in India in the late nineteenth century during the colonial period. Overpopulation theory of Thomas Malthus had impacted colonial discourse on this subject, employing which the population growth of India was held responsible for the rising poverty. Thus, from the outset birth control in colonial India became synonymous with population control. This paper explores the colonial context of the debate on birth control in India. It studies the position taken up by the middle class Indian intellectuals along with some of the native women organizations on this issue. The paper underlines that unlike the west, in India birth control did not seek to empower women offering them a better reproductive life and control over their sexuality, rather aiming population control, a moral as well as tangible pressure of regulating the numbers was laid on the women in India.<#LINE#>Malthus Thomas (2008).@An Essay on the Principle of Population, Oxford University Press.@London, pp 1-125. ISBN: 978-0-19-954045-07@Yes$Rao Mohan (2004).@From Population Control to Reproductive Health - Malthusian Arithmetic.@Sage Publications, New Delhi, pp 13-272. ISBN: 978-0-76-193269-7@Yes$Nair Rahul (2011).@The Construction of a Population Problem in Colonial India 1919-1947.@The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 39 (2), 227-247.@Yes$Malhotra, Anshu, (2003).@Of Dais and Midwives; Middle Class Interventions in the Management of Womens Reproductive Health - a Study from Colonial Punjab.@International Journal of Gender Studies, 10(2), 229-259.@Yes$Guha Supriya (1998).@From Dais to Doctors: The Medicalization of Childbirth in Colonial India, in Lakshmi Lingam (ed.), Understanding Womens Health Issues: A Reader, Kali for Women.@New Delhi, pp145-60. ISBN: 978-8-18-510784-4@Yes$Ahluwalia, Sanjam (2008).@Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877-1947.@University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, pp 1-240. ISBN: 978-0-252-03240-0@Yes$Ahluwalia Sanjam (2004).@Democratic Rhetoric and Sexual Surveillance: Indian Middle Class Advocates oF Birth Control, 1920s-1940s, in James Mills and Satadru Sen (eds) Confronting the Body: The Politics of Physicality in Colonial and Post-colonial South Asia.@Anthem Press, London, pp 183-202. ISBN I 84331 0333@Yes$Ramusack, B.N. (1989).@Embattled Advocates: The Debate Over Birth Control in India, 1920-40.@Journal of Women@Yes$Raina, B.L. (1990).@Planning Family in India; Pre Vedic Times to Early 1950s.@Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, pp 1-245. ISBN: 978-8-17-169060-2@Yes$Sreenivas, Mytheli, (2015).@Birth Control in the Shadow of Empire: The Trials of Annie Besant.@1877-1878, Feminist Studies, 41(3), 509-537.@Yes$Srinivasan, K. (1995).@Regulating Reproduction in Indias Population; Efforts, Results and Recommendation.@Sage Publication, New Delhi, pp 1-325. ISBN: 978-0-80-399239-9@Yes$Raina, B.L. (1990).@Planning Family in India; Pre Vedic Times to Early 1950s.@Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, pp 1-245. ISBN: 978-8-17-169060-2@Yes$Visaria, Pravin and Chari, Vijaylaxmi (1998).@Indias Population Policy and Family Planning Programme: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, in Anirudh Jain (ed.) Do Population Policies Matter? Fertility and Politics in Egypt, India.@Kenya and Mexico, Population Council, New York, pp 53-112. ISBN: 978-0-87-834091-0@Yes$Ahluwalia Sanjam (2008).@Reproductive Restraints: Birth Control in India, 1877-1947.@University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago, pp 1-240. ISBN: 978-0-252-03240-0@Yes$AIWC Proceedings (2021).@Annual Reports and Conferences, (1933, 1934-35, 1935, 1937, 1940).@AIWC Library. New Delhi.@No
<#LINE#>Transformations and Punjabization of the British Indian Army: A Study of Colonial Punjab, India<#LINE#>Bhupinder Singh @Taggar <#LINE#>35-39<#LINE#>6.ISCA-IRJSS-2020-070.pdf<#LINE#>PG Department of History, Guru Gobind Singh College, Sanghera, Barnala, Punjab, India<#LINE#>16/10/2020<#LINE#>11/12/2020<#LINE#>Punjab has undergone drastic changes and transformations during the British rule. With the closing of the second Anglo-Sikh War, Punjab had taken over by the British in 1849. With the becoming of British Province, it received special attention in the colonial policies. Moreover, Punjab had become crucial from its strategic and political implications. As it became a part of the British Empire, Punjab had experienced a lot of transformations in various fields like agriculture, irrigation, education, transport, and communication, etc. This paper is attempted to map the transformations in general and Punjabization of the British Indian Army in particular.<#LINE#>Virdee, Pippa (2018). From the Ashes of 1947 Reimagining Punjab, pp 20-21, ISBN: 9781108428118@undefined@undefined@No$Talbot, Lan A (2007). Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation. Vol.14 Amritsar, p 3-10.@undefined@undefined@No$Ali, Imran (2014). The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947, pp 206-207, ISBN:9781400859580@undefined@undefined@No$Singh, Sukhwant. (1982). Agriculture Science and Technology in the Punjab in the Nineteenth Century, Indian Journal of History of Science, Vol.17. (2), Amritsar, 1982, 197-204.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Singh, Fauja and Arora, A.C (2003). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Politics, Society and Economy, p. 215-222.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Arrora, Faqeer Chand. (1930). Commerce by River in the Punjab or A survey of the activities of Marine Department of the Government of Punjab, 1861-62 and 1871-72, pp 81-82 Punjab Government Record Office Publications, Lahore.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Baqai, F. G. (2010). British rule in Punjab: 1849-1947. Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol. 31 (2), 7-9.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Khilnani, N.M (1972). British Power in Punjab 1839-1858. Asia Publishing House, Bombay, 1972.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Arrora, Faqeer Chand. (1930). Commerce by River in the Punjab or A survey of the activities of Marine Department of the Government of Punjab, 1861-62 and 1871-72, pp 81-82 Punjab Government Record Office Publications, Lahore.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Singh & Singh (2019). Punjab under the British Rule: Historicising the Local Transformations. Indian Historical Review, Vol. 46(2), p. 209.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Talbot, Lan A (2007). Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation,Amritsar, Vol.14 p 3-10.@undefined@undefined@No$Mazumder, R. K. (2003). The Indian Army and the Making of Punjab. India, Permanent Black, p.62-63@undefined@undefined@Yes$Rawlinson, H.G (1948). The British achievement in India, William Hodge, London.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Muhammad, Atta (2011). Mastery over Geography and the rise of Social Development: A case      study of the Canal irrigation system of the West Punjab during Colonial India, Academic Research International, Vol.1 (3), p. 65-72.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Banga, I. (2005). Precolonial and Colonial Punjab: Society, Economy, Politics, and Culture: Essays for Indu Banga. India: Manohar.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Report on the Adminstration of the Punjab and Its Dependencies. (1872). Pakistan: (n.p.).@undefined@undefined@No$Ali, I. (2014). The Punjab under Imperialism, 1885-1947. United States: Princeton University Press.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Talbot, Lan A (2007). Punjab under the British Colonization: Order and Transformation,Amritsar, Vol.14 p 3-10.@undefined@undefined@No$Talbot, I. (1988). Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947. India: Manohar Publications.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Sedra, M., Hayes, G. (2009). Afghanistan: Transition under Threat. Ukraine: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.@undefined@undefined@Yes$Singh, Hari (1983). Agrarian Scene in British Punjab, People@undefined@undefined@Yes$Talbot, I. (1988). Punjab and the Raj, 1849-1947, United States: Riverdale Company, pp-178-180, ISBN: 9780913215289.@undefined@undefined@No$Aulakh, S. S. (2015). Sikh Warriors in World Wars. India: Satnam Singh Aulakh.@undefined@undefined@No