Research Journal of Engineering Sciences ___________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015)  Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association        
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Assessment of Resources for the Krishna Upper Basin by using Water Resources Information System (WRIS), India Madolli M.J., Kanannavar P.S.2 and Umesh J.M.Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, INDIA Departmentof Soil and Water Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur-584104, Karnataka, INDIA Departmentof Geology, Karnataka University, Dharwad-580003, Karnataka, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.meReceived 15th May 2015, revised 5th June 2015, accepted 23rd June 2015 AbstractThe Water Resources Information System (WRIS), India, is empowering the improvement of watershed (basin) assessments so as to expand the swiftness and proficiency producing data to guide preservation usage, and additionally the rate and effectiveness of placing it into the hands of local decision makers. Therefore the current study uses the WRIS India portal for assessing the resources and provides a comprehensive overview of the ecological health of Krishna upper basin. In the study assess the spatio-temporal variation of rainfall and temperature, soil erosion potentiality and ground water fluctuation (draft) for the Krishna upper basin. These appraisals help land-proprietors and neighborhood pioneers set needs and focus the best activities to accomplish their objectives.Keywords: WRIS, water resource assessment, rainfall, climate.Introduction The assessment stage is one of the first components of powerful water assets management. Assessment alludes to a centered or thorough diagram of key conditions and patterns speaking to a benchmark status. A pattern is a "snap shot" of biological and other appropriate conditions at a point in time which will serve as a viewpoint for administration methodology needs, and for future changes in the watershed/bowl. Watershed/bowl data accumulated before the execution of proposed pollution controls and other administration exercises can be used to develop a benchmark for choosing the achievement of the general watershed management planning, and to conform the arrangement as over the whole deal. On account of water assets, the expression “assessment" can mean water asset planning and monitoring, a hydro-meteorological appraisal for a basin ought to incorporate all related material; particularly hydro-meteorological parameters, land uses, soils and topography. The assessment ought to enable all relevant datasets and plans, which must be investigated, systematized and demonstrated to be most helpful to later elucidation and management. Basin resource assessment provides a system to coordinated choice creation to assistance, survey the environment and eminence of the watershed, identify watershed disputes, characterize and re-assess small and extensive haul targets, actions and goals; evaluate remunerations and expenses; and implement and estimate activities. Material and Methods Basin resource assessment is naturally intergovernmental and inter jurisdictional, in light of the fact that bowl limits don't compare to administrative limits. Commencing a resource assessment expects a watershed organizing group (or charge force, command, etc.) replicating the suitable balance of shareholder concerns in the watershed. Vision of India-WRISis to make available “Single Window Solution” for all water assets data and suggestion in a uniform nationwide GIS outline. It will permit manipulators to Exploration, Access, Imagine, Comprehend and Investigate broad and appropriate water assets data for valuation, monitoring, organization, progress and finally Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). India-WRIS Web GIS is a mutual scheme of the Central Water Commission (CWC), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space and Ministry of Water Resources Government of India. The current information system has enormous number of GIS layers for numerous components of ground and surface water, hydro-meterological observations (extremes), snow cover, internal navigation watercourses, inter-basin transmission links, land assets, water quality, water tourism, socio-economic factors as well as setup and other organizational layers. These data have been obtained from respective CWC bureaus, state Govt. and central departments of Govt. of India and are prepared in this portal3-6. Overview of Sub Basin: The area selected for the study is the Krishna upper sub basin (figure-1), is the upper part of Krishna river basin south India. Sixty three percentage of the whole catchment area of Krishna upper sub basin located in the 
Research Journal of Engineering Sciences________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472 Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015) Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association          
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Karnataka and the rest 37 percentages in Maharashtra. The overall catchment area of Krishna upper sub basin is 54504.77 km and located between co-ordinates of 14° 58' to 18° 2' N north latitudes and 73° 33' to 77° 17' E east longitudes.  Results and Discussion Land use/Land cover: Land use/Land cover (figure-1) categorized data on a scale of 1:50,000 printed underneath “Bhuvan Thematic Services of National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC), ISRO” were used for current study. Land use/land cover mapping for the Krishna upper sub basin has been engaged up by NRSC with an goal of generating digital land use/land cover database using terrain corrected Resourcesat-2 Linear Image Self Scanning-III (LISS-III) data. As per the specialized report of the information classification accuracy of 79 to 97% was found based on Kappa co-efficient assessment and generation. Climate and rainfall: The south-west monsoon is the major supplier of rainfall over the Krishna upper basin and because of the topographical and other characteristics of the basin; droughts and flash floods are frequently created. The mean annual rainfall of the basin ranges between 400 to 5000mm (figure-2). Geographically the basin is broadly categorized into three types; Western Ghats region and transition zone and dry zone. Among these, Western Ghats zone receives highest annual precipitation (average 3000-5000mm) and transition zone receives moderate precipitation (1500-3000), the dry zone receives less precipitation 400 to1500 mm. The temperature of Krishna upper basin varies from 16.50C to 38C (figure-3). The three main seasons are Monsoon starting from mid-June to September, winter from November to February, summer season from March to mid-June. April is the very hottest month of the year. The normal maximum temperature received during the months of summer is 36C and minimum during the months of winter is 16C (figure-3). The normal daily mean monthly temperature is varied from 23 to 30C. Soil: In the Krishna upper basin mostly rolling and undulating, except for the border of Western Ghats. There are several types of soils found in the basin namely alluvium, black soils, laterite and lateritic soils, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils. Soil data of Krishna upper sub basin has been divided into four groups; fine texture, medium texture, coarse texture and rocky/water bodies (figure-4). The area falling in the western parts is generally forested. The catchment surface is mostly covered with fine texture (black soils, mix of red and black soils), and medium texture (alluvium and mixed soils). Figure-1 Location map of Krishna upper sub basin 
Research Journal of Engineering Sciences________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472 Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015) Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association          
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Figure-2 Average annual rainfall map of last 35 years. Figure-3 Monthly mean, maximum and minimum temperature (1969-2004) 
Research Journal of Engineering Sciences________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472 Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015) Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association          
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Figure-4 Soil texture map of Krishna upper basinErosion potential map: For the generation of erosion potential map, a composite map of the combined term KLSCP of the USLE parameters namely K, LS, C and P. The potential erosion of different grid points over Krishna upper basin is represented by the composite term KLSCP. The soil erosion potential is higher in the grid if composite term KLSCP value is high and vice versa. Figure-5 shows the maps indicating areas of varying KLSCP values and hence the soil erosion potential in the different segments of the Krishna upper basin. Ground water fluctuation: Fluctuation of water levels in the wells in a basin under study area is due to the variation of recharge and discharge components in the ground water regime. Recharge components are precipitation, recycled water due to applied irrigation and percolation from surface water bodies. Discharge is mainly affected through processes like affluent seepage into the drainage courses withdrawal for domestic and industrial uses, irrigation draft and evapotranspiration. Fluctuation in the basin area is also affected by topographic configuration and geologic set up of the aquifers. The seasonal changes are observed because of monsoon received over the area. The depth to water level map has shown (figure-6). It depicts that major area water level fall in zones between 2 and 4 m below ground level (bgl) with few isolated pockets in basin having water level rise between 2 to 4 m bgl. From the map it is evident that in the major parts of the basin area, the fluctuation ranges from 2 to 4 m. However, there are only few isolated pockets showing fluctuation of water level � 4 m which can be considered due to influence of local features, changes in the regime and also due to topographical control. Conclusion The current study uses the WRIS India portal for assessing the resources and provides a comprehensive overview of the ecological health of Krishna upper basin. By applying a consistent basin wide approach, the WRIS India expands our understanding of processes and interactions that create climatological, topographical and hydrological responses in Krishna upper basin. Basin resource assessments provide preliminary appraisals of where management investments would best address the concerns community administrations and stakeholders over the Krishna upper basin. In addition, these assessment assistance the local leaders and land-owners to set their main concern to regulate the best actions to achieve their goals. 
Research Journal of Engineering Sciences________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472 Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015) Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association          
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Figure-5 Soil erosion map of Krishna upper basinFigure-6 Ground water fluctuation map of Krishna upper basin
Research Journal of Engineering Sciences________________________________________________________ ISSN 2278 – 9472 Vol. 4(6), 11-16, June (2015) Res. J. Engineering Sci. International Science Congress Association          
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Acknowledgements The first author wishes to thank the Water Resources Information System (WRIS), India, Central Water Commission (CWC), Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India and Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Department of Space, Govt. of India, to carry out this work reported herein. References 1.Bar R., Rouholahnejad E., Rahman K., Abbaspour K.C. and Lehmann A., Climate change and agricultural water resources: A vulnerability assessment of the Black Sea catchment, Envi. Sci. and Policy,46, 57–69 (2015)2.Sham Kumar Sharma, M.L. Kansal, and AdityaTyagi, Resource assessment and strategic planningfor improvement of water supply to Shimla city in India using geo-spatial techniques, The Egypt, J. of Rem. Sen. and Space Sci., 1-13 (2015) 3.The Water Resources Information System (WRIS), India (Jan, 2015), (http://www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/), (2015) 4.National Remote Sensing Centre, India, (http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/bhuvan_links.php), (2015)5.Central Water Commission (CWC), Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, (2015)6.Central Ground Water Board, India, (http://cgwb.gov.in/), (2015)
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