@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Optimizing pumped water utilization from Modified water wheel for Drip irrigation<#LINE#>June C. @Quipo <#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>1.ISCA-RJEngS-2025-002.pdf<#LINE#>College of Engineering, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, 3700, Philippines<#LINE#>1/3/2025<#LINE#>13/8/2025<#LINE#>A study was conducted to improve the performance of a water-wheel pump for irrigation. The modified water wheel was tested in an irrigation canal and was capable of pumping water for 300 meters using a conveyance pipe with a head of 4 meters. Results showed that the pumping capacity achieve was 4.63m3/hr, 3.14m3/hr, 1.78m3/hr, and 0.90m3/hr at conveyance pipe lengths of 10m, 100m, 200m, and 300m respectively. Additionally, the minimum pumping capacity of the water wheel was determined to be suitable for planting 0.45ha of tomatoes, 0.22ha of eggplants, and 0.45ha of peppers.  The resulting net benefit was PhP147,752 per year. The economic analysis indicates that the system is financially viable for a drip irrigation setup spanning 10m to 200m.<#LINE#>International Renewable Energy Agency [IRENA](2016).@Solar pumping for irrigation: Improving livelihoods and sustainability.@Retrieved from http://www.irena.org.@No$Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. (2011).@Save and Grow: A Policy Maker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production.@FAO, Rome. www.fao.org/docrep/014/ i2215e/i2215e.pdf@No$De la Cruz, A.M., & Briones, R.M. (2014).@Government Investment in Deep Well Pumps: Some Preliminary Notes for Policy.@Philippine Institute for Development Studies. No.12. https://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/webportal.@No$Nghi, N. T., Helen F. Gavino, H.F., & Regalado, M J. C. (2015).@Optimizing water utilization from a wind pump-drip irrigation system for high value crop production.@International Journal of Geomate,  8(2), 1293-1299.@Yes$Ghoneim, A. A. (2006).@Design optimization of photovoltaic powered water pumping systems.@Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 1449–1463.@Yes$Kumbhar, S., Jagtap D. R., Momin, S., & Shinde G.S. (2016).@Review on Experimental Set Up of Drip Irrigation by Using Wind Energy.@International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 3(2), 205-208.@Yes$Pande, P.C., Singh, A.K., Ansari, S., Vyas, S.K. & Dave, B.K. (2003).@Design development and testing of a solar PV pump-based drip system for orchards.@Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 385-396.@Yes$Bolanos, J.C., Orozco, W.O., & Bhandari, R. (2014).@Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of Solar and Wind Based Irrigation Systems in Northern Colombia.@World Sustainability Forum. Retrieved from http://www. sciforum.net/ conference/wsf-4@Yes$Hossain, M. A, Hassan, M. S., Mottalib, M. A.,   & Abdul, S. (2015).@Technical and economic feasibility of solar pump irrigations for eco-friendly environments.@Procedia Engineering, 105, 670 – 678.@Yes$Kumara, L. (2014).@Analysis of floating type water wheel for Pico hydro systems in Sri Lanka.@(Master’s thesis. Energy Technology). http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/ diva2: 808617 /FULLTEXT01.pdf@Yes$Menke, R., Abraham, E., Parpas, P., & Stoianov, I. (2016).@Demonstrating demand response from water distribution system through pump scheduling.@Applied Energy 170, 377–387.@Yes$Ibrahim, G.A., Che Haron, C.H., & Azhari, C.H. (2011).@Sustainable rural energy: traditional water wheels in Padang (PWW), Indonesia.@International Journal. Renewable Energy Technology, 2(1), 23–31.@Yes$Bozhinova, S., Kisliakov, D., Müller, G., Hecht, V., & Schneider, S. (2013).@Hydropower converters with head differences below 2.5 m.@Proceedings of the ICE-Energy 165.  https://doi.org/10.1680/ener.11.00037.@Yes$Quaranta, E.  (2018).@Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations.@Energy for Sustainable Development 45, 96–109.@Yes$Johnson, J.; Pride, D. (2010).@River, Tidal, and Ocean Current Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies: Status and Future Opportunities in Alaska.@Report by Alaska Center for Energy and Power (ACEP). Report for Alaska Energy Authority.@No$Jasa, L., Priyad, A., & Purnomo, M. (2014).@An Alternative Model of Overshot Waterwheel Based on a Tracking Nozzle Angle Technique for Hydropower Converter.@International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 4(4), 1013-1019.@Yes$Dutta, A. K., Shrestha, B., Shahi, J., Chaudhary, V. K., &Pratisthit, L S. (2016).@Re-design and Optimization of Traditional Undershot Wheel using High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Blades.@Proceedings of the International Symposium on Current Research in Hydraulic Turbines. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org.pdf.@Yes$Thompson, P.L., Milonova, S., Reha, M., Mased, F., & Tromble, I. (2011).@Coil Pump Design for a Community Fountain in Zambia.@International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering 6(1), 33-45.@Yes$Naegel, L.C.A.  Real, J.G. & Mazaredo, A.M., (1991).@Designing a spiral pump for irrigation.@Waterlines, 10(2).  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23355.@Yes$Collado, J. (2015).@Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of Spiral Paddled Type Water Wheel.@(Undergraduate thesis, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, Philippines).@No$Department of Agriculture, Region 2. [DA RO2]. (2017).@High Value Crops Development Program.@https://cagayanvalley.da.gov.ph/high-value-crops-iec-materials.@No$Maghirang R.G, Guevarra L.D., & Rodulfo G.S. (2009).@Vegetable Production Guide.@University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines. Retrieved from http. // pcarrd.dost.gov.ph@No$Tzimopoulos & Ginidi (2005).@Optimized Aquifer Management, Using Linear Programming. An Application to the Agia Varvara Aquifer, Drama, Greece.@Global NEST Journal, 7(3), 395-404.@Yes$Obi, L. E. (2017).@Linear Programming as a Tool for Water Resources Management.@International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering, 3(4), 30-47.@Yes
<#LINE#>Mechanical performance of M-30 Grade concrete incorporating Pyrogenic silica (silica fume) and Marble powder as partial Cement Replacements<#LINE#>Viplove Kumar @Jagtap,Kavita @Golghate,Vikesh @Gupta <#LINE#>8-15<#LINE#>2.ISCA-RJEngS-2026-001.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Civil Engineering, Sushila Devi Bansal College of Engineering, Indore, MP, India@Department of Civil Engineering, Sushila Devi Bansal College of Engineering, Indore, MP, India@Department of Applied Science & Humanities, Sushila Devi Bansal College of Engineering, Indore, MP, India<#LINE#>4/1/2026<#LINE#>15/1/2026<#LINE#>The extensive use of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete construction has raised serious environmental and cost-related concerns. This research investigates the performance of high-strength concrete incorporating Pyrogenic silica (silica fume) SiO2 and marble powder (CaCO3) as combined partial replacements for cement. Six Batches of M30-grade concrete mixtures were designed with OPC substitution levels ranging from 0% to 25%. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were evaluated at 7, 14, and 28 days, along with workability characteristics. The results demonstrate that Pyrogenic silica (silica fume) SiO2 contributes to enhanced strength development through pozzolanic activity, whereas marble powder (CaCO3) improves microstructural compactness by acting as a filler material. An optimal replacement level of 15% SF and 5% MP achieved the highest strength enhancement, highlighting the effectiveness of SF–MP blends in producing sustainable and high-performance concrete.<#LINE#>Kaur, R., Singh, R., & Kumar, A. (2025).@Silica Fumes, Fal-G as Cement Substitutes in Concrete: An Experimental Investigation. In Tools, Techniques, and Advancements in Engineering Materials Science (pp. 37-50).@IGI Global Scientific Publishing.@Yes$Rajaee, A., Sadeghzadeh, M., Shekhi, M., Yousefi, M., & Abrishami, S. (2024).@Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Sawdust Concrete with Silica Fume, Metakaolin, and Marble Powder.@@Yes$Bheel, N., Nadeem, G., Almaliki, A. H., Al-Sakkaf, Y. K., Dodo, Y. A., & Benjeddou, O. (2024).@Effect of low carbon marble dust powder, silica fume, and rice husk ash as tertiary cementitious material on the mechanical properties and embodied carbon of concrete.@Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 41,@Yes$Galhate, S. S., Sawant, R. M., Gaikwad, J. R., & Phulpagar, S. R. (2024).@Experimental Investigation on Metakaolin, Glass Powder and Marble Dust in Concrete as Partial Replacement of Cement.@Bulletin for Technology and History Journal, 24(1), 275-285.@Yes$IS 383, B. I. S. (1970).@Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete.@Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.@Yes$Lija, R., & Minu, S. (2016).@Workability and strength behaviour of self-compacting concrete with silica fume and marble sawing waste.@International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7, 474-482.@No$Sathe, S., Patil, S., & Bhosale, Y. N. (2024).@Investigation of strength, durability, and microstructure properties of concrete with waste marble powder as a partial replacement of cement.@World Journal of Engineering.@Yes$Abbas, Y., Djebien, R., ToubalSeghir, N., &Benaimeche, O. (2023).@Enhancing Mechanical Behaviour and Durability of High Performance Concrete with Silica Fume, Ground Blast Furnace Slag, and Marble Powder.@Journal of applied engineering sciences, 13(2).@Yes$Bureau of Indian Standards (2013).@Ordinary Portland cement, 53 grade (IS 12269:2013).@New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.@No$Bureau of Indian Standard, I. S. (2019).@10262, concrete mix proportioning–guidelines (second revision).@New Delhi, 1-42@Yes$Bureau of Indian Standards (1959).@IS 516: Method of tests for strength of concrete.@New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.@Yes$Deepika, S., Reddy, K. Y., Sanjana, M., Kumar, B. V., & Jeshwanth, G. (2022).@An experimental study on partial replacement of cement with silica fume and fine aggregates with marble powder in concrete.@International Journal of Research in Advanced Engineering and Technology, 8(2), 20-25.@Yes
@Research Article
<#LINE#>Characterization of Non-Ideal Behavior in Acetonitrile-Based Binary liquid mixtures via Excess Viscosity and Viscosity Measurements at Different Temperatures<#LINE#>Naveen @Awasthi <#LINE#>16-24<#LINE#>3.ISCA-RJEngS-2025-008.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Janta College Bakewar (206124), Etawah, India<#LINE#>16/9/2025<#LINE#>30/10/2025<#LINE#>This paper is concerned with the excess viscosity and molecular interactions in binary liquid mixtures which are essential for understanding non-ideal solution behavior and optimizing industrial processes. This work investigates the binary systems of Acetonitrile + Formamide and Acetonitrile + N-Methylacetamide at temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. Experimental measurements of density, viscosity, and reduced molar volume were performed over the full concentration range at atmospheric pressure. Excess viscosity (ηᴱ) and theoretical viscosities were calculated using the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson model and compared with experimental results. Significant non-ideal behavior was observed, characterized by negative excess viscosity for the Acetonitrile + Formamide system and predominantly positive excess viscosity for Acetonitrile + N-Methylacetamide. Theoretical models showed large deviations from experimental values, particularly at higher temperatures, suggesting inadequacies in conventional predictive approaches. The findings highlight the need for improved models capable of accounting for hydrogen bonding and dipolar interactions.<#LINE#>Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., & Engel, R. G. (2014).@Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A small scale approach.@Cengage Learning.@No$Lide, D. R. (2009).@CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (90th ed.).@CRC Press.@No$Patai, S. (1991).@The chemistry of amides.@John Wiley & Sons.@No$Smith, B., Jones, C., & Thomas, D. (2015).@Molecular interactions in peptide analogues.@Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119(15), 4989–4997. https://doi.org/10.1021 /jp512345a@Yes$Nain, A. K., Singh, R. K., & Soni, R. (2006).@Ultrasonic and viscometric studies of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of acetonitrile with formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, and N-methylacetamide.@Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 79(11), 1688–1693. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.79.1688@Yes$Kumar, R., & Rangra, V. (2005).@Dielectric relaxation studies of binary mixtures of N-methylacetamide and acetonitrile.@Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 219(2), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1524/zpch.219.2.169.59116@Yes$Sharma, N., & Awasthi, N. (2010).@Excess viscosity and compressibility of binary mixtures of methanol with acetonitrile and dimethylformamide at different temperatures.@World Applied Sciences Journal, 5(6), 723–726.@Yes$Awasthi, N. (2025).@Estimation of excess molar volume and viscosity of associated polymeric solutions at 298.15–318.15 K.@Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 15(2), 94–102.@Yes$Awasthi, N. (2022).@Estimation of physicochemical properties of acetonitrile and formamide from 293.15–313.15 K.@Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 12(2), 46–52.@Yes$Awasthi, N. (2022).@Viscosity and excess viscosity for non-polar system from 298.15 to 323.15 K.@Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 11(2), 23–33.@Yes$Awasthi, N., Kumar, A., Srivastava, U., Srivastava, K., & Shukla, R. K. (2019).@Excess volume and surface tension of some flavoured binary alcohols at temperatures 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K.@Physics and Chemistry of Liquids, 57(6), 800–815. https://doi.org/10.1080/00319104.2019. 1566821@Yes$Awasthi, N., Gangwar, V. S., Prakash, S. K. S. G., & Shukla, R. K. (2017).@Viscosity and excess viscosity for associated binary systems at T = (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15).@International Journal of Thermodynamics, 20(4), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000209052@Yes$Awasthi, N. (2021).@Estimation of Viscosity of Binary system at Various Temperatures by Jouyban Acree Model and McAllister Model.@International research journal of modernization in engineering technology and science, 3(9), 865-871.@Yes$Shukla, R. K., Kumar, A., Awasthi, N., Srivastava, U., & Gangwar, V. S. (2012).@Density, viscosity and refractive index of binary liquid mixtures at 293.15–313.15 K.@Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 37, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.09.013@Yes$Yadav, M. C., Patel, P. R., & Chudgar, P. D. (2008).@Excess molar volumes and viscosities of binary mixtures of n-alkanes with ketones.@Fluid Phase Equilibria, 272(1–2), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2008.07.005@Yes$Doolittle, A. K. (1951).@Studies in Newtonian flow. II. The dependence of the viscosity of liquids on free space.@Journal of Applied Physics, 22(12), 1471–1475. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699894@Yes$Abe, A., & Flory, P. J. (1965).@The thermodynamic properties of mixtures of small, nonpolar molecules.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 87(9), 1838–1846. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01087a003@Yes$Flory, P. J. (1965).@Statistical thermodynamics of liquid mixtures.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 87(9), 1833–1838. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01087a002@Yes$Flory P.J., Orwoll R.A. and Vrij, A. (1964).@Statistical thermodynamics of chain molecule liquids. I. An equation of state for normal paraffin hydrocarbons.@Journal of the American Chemical Society, 86(17), 3507–3514. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01071a023@Yes$Prigogine I. and Bellemans, A. (1957).@Molecular theory of solutions.@North Holland Publishing Company.@Yes
<#LINE#>Footprint<#LINE#>Sheo @Kumar <#LINE#>25-29<#LINE#>4.ISCA-RJEngS-2025-010.pdf<#LINE#>Basic Education PS-Agauna Dist-Basti, Uttar Pradesh -272301 India<#LINE#>11/8/2025<#LINE#>27/10/2025<#LINE#>Footprint is an artificial cave which is made half part in the Earth and half part in the atmosphere. And total footprint will coated by soil so that life of it is longer more than 3000 years. In space of this artificial cave, we shall design many arts in two or three dimension on the stone. In these arts, we shall make scientific research, technology, mathematics, history, geography, human life etc in carved forms. If we will see that carved print on stone, we can easily understand important research of human. If we suppose my culture has been changed by this Footprint next generation man can understand my old Hindi alphabet, English alphabet and my number system. First we should be making this project for the children as a picnic and knowledge. My idea has taken by Indian old culture and foreign culture (sindh valley culture, Mesopotamia, Egypt culture). First time this project should make 40m (length), 40m (breadth) and 8m (height).If that project is successful and good find. We can make that project many place all over India. By this project we can get profit, increase employment and arts of the man.<#LINE#>Oliver Batham (2025).@Animals Sounds.@www.vadantu.september (September 2025).@No$Arvind Pandey (2025).@Vigyan, Metals and non meatals.@UP, India, pp 47.@No$Brindra Gulati (2025).@Hindi Alphabet.@www.preply.com, September (2025).@No$Arvind Pandey (2025).@Vigyan. Light.@UP Shinash Books. India, pp 87.@No$James Watt (2002).@Nikola Baxtor Franklin watts Hindi medium.@India, pp 1-48.@No$Niharika (2025).@Pariyavaran.@UP, India, pp 51.@No$NCERT team (2025).@Science book.@Beyond The Earth. India, pp 241.@No$Chandra shekhar (2020).@Physics.@NCERT Book. India pp 273@No$Ravindra kumar (2025).@Ganit Gyan.@UP, India pp 71@No$Ram sharan (1977).@Ancient India NCERT book.@India. pp 19, 26, 33.@No
@Case Study
<#LINE#>From Smart Home to Smart warehouse: A Comprehensive DIY case study on IoT-Enabled Digital Twins<#LINE#>Ashish @Jagani,Nikunj @Rachchh <#LINE#>30-36<#LINE#>5.ISCA-RJEngS-2025-011.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India and Department of Production Engineering, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar, India@Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India<#LINE#>11/12/2025<#LINE#>2/1/2026<#LINE#>The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin (DT) technologies has transformed domestic and industrial environments. Although proprietary smart home solutions and traditional warehouse management systems (WMS) exist, they are often expensive and locked within vendor ecosystems. This study presents a mechanical engineering-oriented study of IoT-enabled automation, treating the home as a micro-digital twin laboratory and extending the same principles to warehouse automation. By leveraging advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML), the smart home concept has been extended to the warehousing sector. Conventional appliances and systems were retrofitted with actuators, sensors, and IoT modules to enable automation using Alexa, Google Home, Siri,  and Bixby. The key implementations include(1) a cleaning robot with SLAM-based mapping, (2) an automated plant-watering system using soil moisture sensing and fluid actuation, and (3) HVAC load control with PID regulation. Mathematical models (kinematics, fluid flow, and thermal loads), block diagrams, and simulations were used to validate the behavior of the system. Cost–benefit analysis shows that DIY retrofits achieve ~85% functionality at ~30–40% of the cost of commercial systems. Finally, analogies to warehouse digital twins are drawn, demonstrating how cleaning robots parallel AGVs, how watering systems are scaled to cold storage climate control, and how smart locks align with industrial access systems. An analogy between home and warehouse automation was then established: cleaning robots were scaled to Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs), watering loops were mapped to warehouse climate control, and smart locks were extended to industrial access management. This demonstrates that smart homes can serve as micro digital twin laboratories for mechanical engineers, enabling the prototyping of control systems before scaling them to industrial cyber–physical systems. The findings underline the contributions of mechanical engineering in kinematics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, control, and system integration, which drive the transformation of Industry 4.0.<#LINE#>Filipescu, A., Simion, G., Ionescu, D., &Filipescu, A. (2024).@IoT-Cloud, VPN, and Digital Twin-Based Remote Monitoring and Control of a Multifunctional Robotic Cell in the Context of AI, Industry, and Education 4.0 and 5.0.@Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 24(23), 7451. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237451@Yes$Singh, R. R., Bhatti, G., Alsaif, F., Vairavasundaram, I., & Kalel, D. (2023).@Building a Digital Twin Powered Intelligent Predictive Maintenance System for Industrial AC Machines.@Machines, 11(8), 796. https://doi.org/10. 3390/machines11080796@Yes$Chen, Y., Tsai, Y., Karkaria, V., & Chen, W. (2025).@Uncertainty-Aware Digital Twins: Robust Model Predictive Control Using Time-Series Deep Quantile Learning.@Journal of Mechanical Design, 148(2). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4069104@Yes$Rasheed, A., Kvamsdal, T., & San, O. (2020).@Digital Twin: Values, Challenges and Enablers From a Modeling Perspective.@IEEE Access, 8, 21980–22012. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2970143@Yes$Maheshwari, P., Kamble, S., Kumar, S., Belhadi, A., & Gupta, S. (2023).@Digital twin-based warehouse management system: a theoretical toolbox for future research and applications.@The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(4), 1073–1106. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2023-0030@Yes$Corallo, A., Lezzi, M., Del Vecchio, V. D., & Morciano, P. (2021).@Shop Floor Digital Twin in Smart Manufacturing: A Systematic Literature Review.@Sustainability, 13(23), 12987. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312987@Yes$Tural, E., Lu, D., & Austin Cole, D. (2021).@Safely and Actively Aging in Place: Older Adults’ Attitudes and Intentions Toward Smart Home Technologies.@Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7(4), 233372142110173. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214211 017340@Yes$Hargreaves, T., Wilson, C., & Hauxwell-Baldwin, R. (2017).@Learning to live in a smart home.@Building Research & Information, 46(1), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1286882@Yes$Govindraj, V., Sathiyanarayanan, M., & Abubakar, B. (2017).@Customary homes to smart homes using Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile application.@In 2017 International Conference on Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon) (pp. 1059-1063).@Yes$Venkatraman, S., Overmars, A., & Thong, M. (2021).@Smart Home Automation—Use Cases of a Secure and Integrated Voice-Control System.@Systems, 9(4), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems9040077@Yes$Gomes, B. D. T. P., Ríos, L. E. T., Da Silva E Silva, F. J., Muniz, L. C. M., & Endler, M. (2016).@A comprehensive and scalable middleware for Ambient Assisted Living based on cloud computing and Internet of Things.@Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 29(11), e4043. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.404 3@Yes$Lobaccaro, G., Löfström, E., & Carlucci, S. (2016).@A Review of Systems and Technologies for Smart Homes and Smart Grids.@Energies, 9(5), 348. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en9050348@Yes$Mikołajewska, E., Mikołajczyk, T., Paczkowski, T., &Mikołajewski, D. (2025).@Generative AI in AI-Based Digital Twins for Fault Diagnosis for Predictive Maintenance in Industry 4.0/5.0.@Applied Sciences, 15(6), 3166.  https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063166@Yes$Han, W., Zhang, Z., Mei, X., Zhang, K., Liu, B., Sun, Z., & Xu, J. (2022).@Digital Twin-Based Automated Guided Vehicle Scheduling: A Solution for Its Charging Problems.@Applied Sciences, 12(7), 3354. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/app12073354@Yes$Wang, Q., Li, J., Yang, Z., Li, P., Xia, G., & Yang, L. (2022).@Distributed Multi-Mobile Robot Path Planning and Obstacle Avoidance Based on ACO–DWA in Unknown Complex Terrain.@Electronics, 11(14), 2144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11142144@Yes$Liu, X., Shang, G., Hu, X., Gong, G., & Zhu, H. (2024).@Cognitive Enhancement of Robot Path Planning and Environmental Perception Based on Gmapping Algorithm Optimization.@Electronics, 13(5), 818. https://doi.org/10. 3390/electronics13050818@Yes$Seraj, M., Parvez, M., Khan, O., & Yahya, Z. (2024).@Optimizing smart building energy management systems through industry 4.0: A response surface methodology approach.@Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2(2), 100079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2024.100079@Yes$Ding, J., Cao, S.-J., & Yu, C. W. (2020).@HVAC systems for environmental control to minimize the COVID-19 infection.@Indoor and Built Environment, 29(9), 1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x20951968@Yes$Mansour, M., Ahmed, A. I., Elbaz, A., Herencsar, N., Gamal, A., Soltan, A., & Said, L. A. (2023).@Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Overview on Protocols, Architectures, Technologies, Simulation Tools, and Future Directions.@Energies, 16(8), 3465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ en16083465@Yes$Shaikh, M. S., Choudhary, S. M., Ali, S. I., Ponnusamy, S., Chandrawat, U. B. S., Sheikh, A. G., & Khan, R. A. H. (2024).@Harnessing Logistic Industries and Warehouses With Autonomous Carebot for Security and Protection.@pp. 239–257. Igi Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3234-4.ch017.@Yes$Lee, C. K. M., Park, T., Chung, S. Y., & Ip, C. M. (2019).@A Bluetooth Location-based Indoor Positioning System for Asset Tracking in Warehouse.@1408–1412. https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem44572.2019.8978639@Yes$Frankó, A., Vida, G., & Varga, P. (2020).@Reliable Identification Schemes for Asset and Production Tracking in Industry 4.0.@Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 20(13), 3709. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20133709@Yes$Zeb, S., Mahmood, A., Hassan, S. A., Piran, M. J., Gidlund, M., &Guizani, M. (2022).@Industrial digital twins at the nexus of NextG wireless networks and computational intelligence: A survey.@Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 200, 103309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca. 2021.103309@Yes$Karaarslan, E., & Babiker, M. (2021).@Digital Twin Security Threats and Countermeasures: An Introduction.@174, 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/iscturkey 53027.2021.9654360@Yes$Li, Z., Zhou, X., Tian, Z., Wang, W. M., Huang, G., & Huang, S. (2018).@An ontology-based product design framework for manufacturability verification and knowledge reuse.@The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 99(9–12), 2121–2135.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2099-2@Yes$Freepik. (2025).@Robot vacuum cleaner photograph.@https://www.freepik.com@No$Freepik. (2025).@Warehouse robot photograph.@https://www.freepik.com@No$Publicly available pricing information from IoT hardware vendors, automation suppliers, and digital twin software providers (2025).@undefined@undefined@No
@Review Paper
<#LINE#>5G Technology and the Evolution of Fiber-Optic Systems: Architecture, Standards and Convergence<#LINE#>N.K. @Sharma,P.K.S. @Bhadauria,Neerja @Sharma <#LINE#>37-44<#LINE#>6.ISCA-RJEngS-2025-009.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CAET, Etawah, UP, India@Department of Civil Engineering, CAET, Etawah, UP, India@Department of Computer Science, CAET, Etawah, UP, India<#LINE#>10/8/2025<#LINE#>20/11/2025<#LINE#>This paper presents the significance of 5G technology and how optimum use of optical fiber can help in achieving digital inclusiveness. 5G technology is going to make inroads into the country very soon. Top smart phone manufacturer in India have already released phones with 5G capability. With over 117 crore telecom users and more than 82 crore internet subscribers, India is one of the fastest growing for digital consumers. Digital infrastructures, which seamlessly integrates with physical and traditional infrastructure is crucial to India’s growth story and the country’s thrust towards self-reliance. Internet connectivity is critical for making the digital India project inclusive and wide spread use of optical fiber in the remotest corners of the country. The commercial success of 5G hinges on an optical transport fabric capable of delivering massive bandwidth, tight synchronization, and deterministic latency from highly distributed radios to virtualized cores and edge clouds. This review surveys 5G system architecture and the parallel evolution of fiber‑optic systems, highlighting how converged xHaul (fronthaul, midhaul, and backhaul) over dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), passive optical networks (PON), and packet‑optical technologies underpins enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra‑reliable low‑latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine‑type communications (mMTC). 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