International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 54 Environmental Sanitation Index for the State of Tamilnadu, IndiaJ Balamurugan and M Ravichandran Department of Environmental Management, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli- 620 024, Tamilnadu, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 4th April 2014, revised 15th April 2014, accepted 20th May 2014 AbstractNations across the world have been endeavoring to achieve sustainable sanitation practices towards reaching the UN-Million Development Goals before 2015. Preparation of Environmental Sanitation Index for the state of Tamil Nadu, India, is part of the exercise. Methodology used under Human Development Index is taken as a model and customized the same to suit environmental sanitation index. Indices attempted in this paper will be a pointer to policy makers and administrators to take corrective measures for those districts which displayed dismal performance on the sanitation front. Still there is one more year to go as target period of MDG being 2015. Districts like Chennai and Kanniyakumari exemplified well by scoring first and second ranks also excelled better on literacy and income level. Access to toilet is crucial to sanitation and it is reckoned that about fifty per cent of Indian population is still using open air for defecation. This has to change and without which all development efforts will never be inclusive. Keywords: Drinking water, toilet, index, millennium development goals (MDGs). IntroductionA potable domestic water supply is one of the fundamental requirements of human life. Without water, life cannot be sustained beyond a few days and the lack of access to adequate water supplies leads to the spread of disease. In 2010 the United Nations general assembly recognized to declare that safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as human rights. Many cities in developing countries including India to get water for less than 20 minutes in a week, population growth is one of the reasons for increased demand for water. In the total developing world approximately 90 percent of the untreated sewage is discharged into rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Children are vulnerable to health hazards associated with poor water and sanitation. In India, nearly every second person is defecating in the open air defecation, every third person is drinking unsafe water and at least 1000 children are dying every day due to a preventable disease like diarrhea. Each year, an estimated 2.5 billion cases of diarrhea occur among children under the age 5. Diarrheal diseases attributed to poor water supply, sanitation and hygiene account for 1.73 million deaths each year and 90 percent are children under 5 years, mostly in developing countries. Eighty-eight percent of cases of diarrheal diseases worldwide are attributable due to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and poor hygiene. During the 1990’s, only 76 percent of population was using improved drinking water sources and the rest 24 percent was using unimproved drinking water sources but after two decades i.e. in 2010 nearly 89 percent of world’s population (6.1 billion people) had started using improved source of drinking water and 11 percent of population was using unimproved water sources which was not even half to that of 1990s. Therefore between 1990 and 2010, two billion people have improved their drinking water sources. Lack of improved drinking water source and proper sanitation facilities posed several problems. In this millennium, this paper intends to prepare sanitation index for the state of Tamilnadu, India. The sanitation index may facilitate policy makers in prioritization of sanitation for sustainable development. Millennium Development Goals with respect to Drinking water and Sanitation: Sanitation and environmental sustainability is one of the goals to be achieved by the Millennium Development Goals within 2015. Every nation is striving hard to implement different new measures to provide a proper sanitation and safe drinking water facilities for every single individual. India has also implemented many different measures to achieve the target and based on the economic status of people in different states, besides literacy rate and awareness in achieving that target. Tamilnadu has been working towards the target with the help of a measure called Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) now renamed as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan(NBA) and has achieved upto a satisfactory level. According to Joint monitoring programme for water and sanitation report, released by UNICEF and WHO in the year of 2012, observed that in India 59 percent of people (629 million) defecate in the open. The report exposed the scenario in India that she lags behind a decade to achieve Millennium Development Goals. However the silver lining is the achievement of portable water target. Millennium Development Goals have played a very important role in the development of very basic need of a human being i.e. drinking water and sanitation. Safe drinking water is necessary for living a healthy and hygienic life for each and every individual. Before the implementation of Millennium Development Goals in the year 2000, both the drinking water source and sanitation facilities International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 55 were poor in Tamilnadu which led to lots of diseases that killed many innocent lives and that children were the first victims for all sorts of impacts between 2001 and 2011. It is relevant here to take stock of sanitation in Tamilnadu in the backdrop of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) also. Sanitation index: There is no readymade methodology available in the literature to prepare sanitation index therefore, it is decided to customize a method of formulating sanitation index as an offshoot of human development index. A few studies gave a lead in an attempt to device a method of formulating sanitation index. Environment sanitation has always been a neglected area as far as empirical study is concerned. The present prevailing situation untie the realization that sanitation is central to environmental protection spreading across various levels from micro to macro. The initiative on formulation of finding that indicates reality and which could contribute to efficient monitoring would be a step towards sustainable development. Mukherjee and Kathuria were able to identify 63 environmental variables, which could be coveraged in to 8 broad environmental factors and the study could rank 14 major states in the country. The convergence of variables was done using factor analysis. Mukherjee and Chakraborthy were able to indicate that the EQI for a particular state would depend upon parameters anchored an observable indicator and could adapt Human Development Index (HDI) method. The selected variables classified under eight broad categories are air pollution, indoor air pollution potential, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, pollution from energy generation, consumption, depletion, degradation of forest resources, depletion and degradation of water resources, non point source water pollution potential and pressure and degradation of land resources. Indrani Chandrasekharan has calculated environmental performance index by using the same methodology of HDI, to select two broad categories further it has been classified 22 indicators namely Air pollution, water pollution waste management, climate change etc.9 MethodologyThis paper is based upon a study made by the authors which engaged the secondary data source on various selected indicators of sanitation form all the districts of Tamilnadu for a period of 2001-2011. The data was collected from the Census Report, Government of India. Two indicators viz., access to drinking water and usage of toilet are considered in formulating Environmental Sanitation Index (ESI) for Tamilnadu district. The method is formulated as per the rules of United Nations Development Program(UNDP)10, to select proper variables, to start with under two broad categories, namely Drinking water and Usage of Toilet. This is further classified into nine different variables to access the toilet sources, open defecation, access the drinking water sources, access the drinking water sources within the premises, treated drinking water(tap), untreated drinking water(tap), covered well water, uncovered well water, and non availability of drinking water in close proximity. The assumption made in the methodology is that positive and negative indicators representing the characteristics of services (Table 1). For instance, open defecation is deemed as negative, while access to toilet is considered as positive, they are calculating using the formula given below to positive indicators. (actual value – minimum value) X index = (maximum value – minimum value) = (access the toilet facility, access the drinking water facility, treated drinking water (Tap), access the drinking water with in premises, covered well water) The indicators are negative in nature they can use for following formula. (maximum value - actual value) X index = (maximum value – minimum value) = (open air defecation, untreated drinking water (Tap), uncovered well water, non availability of drinking water in close proximity) This index is calculated for nine variables, minimum and maximum values were become fixed. However, since the maximum values are chosen such that they are higher than (or) equal to the actual value of 32 districts in Tamilnadu, similarly the minimum values are chosen such that they are lower than (or) equal to the actual value. Environmental Sanitation Index (ESI) of Tamilnadu is then obtained by simply calculating the arithmetic average of its two indices. ESI = ˝ (Access to drinking water + Usage of Toilet) “Units” are not given in the Index values for each of the indicators. They had shown each of the indicators as well lies between zero and one and districts are ranked according to how close their ESI is to one. Table-1 Positive and Negative indicators of Environmental sanitation Index (ESI) Parameters Positive Indicators Negative Indicators Toilet Access to toilet specialty Open defecations Drinking water Access to drinking water facilities. Access to drinking water with in the premises. Covered well water. Treated drinking water. Covered well water. Uncovered well water. Non availability of drinking water in close proximity. International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) International Science Congress Association Results and Discussion This is a pioneering attempt in preparing an environmental sanitation Index at the state level in India. Although the concept of sanitation is much wider encompassing personal hygiene, which includes hand wash before food and after toilet use, brushing te eth, wearing chappal, cutting nails, bathing and maintaining hair and so on. Access to drinking water and to toilet facilities are considered more important which are inextricably linked to environmental sanitation being reckoned for formulating Environme ntal Sanitation Index for the state of Tamilnadu. The secondary source of information is collected for the period 2001-2011. Table 2 presents district wise ranking of access to toilet and access to drinking water. Separate ranking is made for toilet by taking access toilet facilities (Piped sewer system, Septic tank, other system, with slab/Ventilated Improved Pit, without slab/open pit, Night soil disposed into open drain, Night soil removed by human, Night soil serviced by animals, and public latrine) as positive indicator and negative score for open air defecation. Similarly for drinking water index, access to drinking water facility like as Tap water, well water, Hand pump/Tube well/Borehole water and other source of water, drinking water within the premises, covered well water, treated drinking water as positive indicators while untreated drinking Drinking water ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts  \n Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Vellore Tiruvannamalai Viluppuram Salem Namakkal Erode Scores Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association This is a pioneering attempt in preparing an environmental sanitation Index at the state level in India. Although the concept of sanitation is much wider encompassing personal hygiene, which includes hand wash before food and after toilet use, eth, wearing chappal, cutting nails, bathing and maintaining hair and so on. Access to drinking water and to toilet facilities are considered more important which are inextricably linked to environmental sanitation being reckoned ntal Sanitation Index for the state of Tamilnadu. The secondary source of information is collected Table 2 presents district wise ranking of access to toilet and access to drinking water. Separate ranking is made for toilet by taking access toilet facilities (Piped sewer system, Septic tank, other system, with slab/Ventilated Improved Pit, without slab/open pit, Night soil disposed into open drain, Night soil removed by human, Night soil serviced by animals, and public as positive indicator and negative score for open air defecation. Similarly for drinking water index, access to drinking water facility like as Tap water, well water, Hand pump/Tube well/Borehole water and other source of water, premises, covered well water, treated drinking water as positive indicators while untreated drinking water, uncovered well water non availability of drinking water is close proximity as negative indicators in the preparation of drinking water index. The arithmetic mean values of both toilet index and drinking water index gave the total sanitation index. It is not surprising to observe that Chennai ranking 1 in regard to access to toilet facilities followed by Kanniyakumari, Coimbatore, Thiruvallur and Ka nchipuram districts. Ariyalur district stood last as the mean value toilet index was 0.0031. On the drinking water front, the households in Ramanathapuram district have had access to poor quality of drinking water source followed by Dharmapuri, Perambalu r, Pudukkottai and Thiruvarur as shown in figure 1. Comparing all the 32 districts, Chennai has achieved cen percent safe drinking water followed by Kanniyakumari and Coimbatore district. The inferences from table 2 and figure 3 relevant from the point of making are as follows. Districts like Chennai and Kanniyakumari registering first and second rank which can be attributed to high literacy rate and high economic growth Conversely, Ariyalur and Dharmapuri districts ranked 31 and 32, dis played low literacy and low economic growth. Hence, the upshot is literacy rate and growth rate have a strong bearing on sanitation status too. Figure-1 Drinking water ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts Erode The Nilgiris Dindigul Karur Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Ariyalur Cuddalore Nagapattinam Thiruvarur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Sivaganga Madurai Theni Virudhunagar Ramanathapuram Thoothukkudi Districts of Tamilnadu _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 56 water, uncovered well water non availability of drinking water is close proximity as negative indicators in the preparation of arithmetic mean values of both toilet index and drinking water index gave the total sanitation index. It is not surprising to observe that Chennai ranking 1 in regard to access to toilet facilities followed by Kanniyakumari, Coimbatore, Thiruvallur nchipuram districts. Ariyalur district stood last as the mean value toilet index was 0.0031. On the drinking water front, the households in Ramanathapuram district have had access to poor quality of drinking water source followed by r, Pudukkottai and Thiruvarur as shown in figure 1. Comparing all the 32 districts, Chennai has achieved cen percent safe drinking water followed by Kanniyakumari and Coimbatore district. The inferences from table 2 and figure 3 relevant from the point of view of policy making are as follows. Districts like Chennai and Kanniyakumari registering first and second rank which can be attributed to high literacy rate and high economic growth 6. Conversely, Ariyalur and Dharmapuri districts ranked 31 and played low literacy and low economic growth. Hence, the upshot is literacy rate and growth rate have a strong bearing Thoothukkudi Tirunelveli Kanniyakumari Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Coimbatore Tiruppur International Research Journal of Environment Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) International Science Congress Association Toilet ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts Total ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts Table 2 shows Environmental Sanitation Index (ESI) highlighting the status of each and every district for the period of 2001 to 2 011. The data were further processed using arithmetic mean scores of all the indicators considered under each category. The other category of data was derived by ranking using mean cumulative scores. The overall performance of the location should be arr ived (Total Sanitation Index) using the above said categories of processed data. Chennai, Kanniyakumari, Coimbatore, Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts ranked in first five places, Dharmapuri, Ariyalur, Perambalur, Viluppuram and Tiruvannamalai distri are ranked in least five places, based on the index scores. 0.20.40.60.81.2Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Vellore Tiruvannamalai Viluppuram Salem Namakkal Scores 0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9 Thiruvallur Chennai Kancheepuram Vellore Tiruvannamalai Viluppuram Salem Namakkal Erode Scores Environment Sciences_______________ _________________________ International Science Congress Association Figure-2 Toilet ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts Figure-3 Total ranking scores of the Tamilnadu Districts Table 2 shows Environmental Sanitation Index (ESI) highlighting the status of each and every district for the period 011. The data were further processed using arithmetic mean scores of all the indicators considered under each category. The other category of data was derived by ranking using mean cumulative scores. The overall ived (Total Sanitation Index) using the above said categories of processed data. Chennai, Kanniyakumari, Coimbatore, Thiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts ranked in first five places, Dharmapuri, Ariyalur, Perambalur, Viluppuram and Tiruvannamalai distri cts are ranked in least five places, based on the index scores. Chennai and Kanniyakumari registered a very low percentage of households defecate in open and this is because in Chennai the usage of in- house toilets showed a very high percentage. Besides it is one of the metropolitan cities in India and also capital state of Tamilnadu and Kanniyakumari is maintained as a important holy place in south India. The literacy rate is higher in both the districts compared to other districts. In Ariyalur about 80.1 percent of peoples are practicing open air defecation. As per the Censes Report 2011, by comparing both the urban and rural areas of Tamilnadu, open defecation practice is more in rural areas. Namakkal Erode The Nilgiris Dindigul Karur Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Ariyalur Cuddalore Nagapattinam Thiruvarur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Sivaganga Madurai Theni Virudhunagar Ramanathapuram Thoothukkudi Districts of Tamilnadu Erode The Nilgiris Dindigul Karur Tiruchirappalli Perambalur Ariyalur Cuddalore Nagapattinam Thiruvarur Thanjavur Pudukkottai Sivaganga Madurai Theni Virudhunagar Ramanathapuram Thoothukkudi Districts of Tamilnadu _________________________ ______ ISSN 2319–1414 Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. 57 Chennai and Kanniyakumari registered a very low percentage of households defecate in open and this is because in Chennai the house toilets showed a very high percentage. is one of the metropolitan cities in India and also capital state of Tamilnadu and Kanniyakumari is maintained as a important holy place in south India. The literacy rate is higher in both the districts compared to other districts. In Ariyalur percent of peoples are practicing open air defecation. As per the Censes Report 2011, by comparing both the urban and rural areas of Tamilnadu, open defecation practice is more Tirunelveli KanniyakumariDharmapuri Krishnagiri Coimbatore Tiruppur Tirunelveli Kanniyakumari Dharmapuri Krishnagiri Coimbatore Tiruppur International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 58 Table-2 Environmental Sanitation Index scores and ranking of districts in Tamilnadu Tamilnadu / Districts TOILET DRINKING WATER Total Sanitation Index Final Rank Access to Toilet facility Open defication Mean Value of Toilet Index Toilet Rank Access to Drinking water facility Access to Drinking water facility within the Premises Covered Well Water Treated Drinking water (Tap) Un treated Drinking water (Tap) Uncovered Well Water Non availability of drinking water in close Proximity Mean Value of Water Index Drinking water Rank Thiruvallur 0.6325 0.6314 0.6320 4 1.0000 0.4021 0.4940 0.3550 0.6582 0.6494 0.7647 0.6176 11 0.6248 6 Chennai 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.0241 0.8667 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.8415 1 0.9208 1 Kancheepuram 0.6000 0.5987 0.5994 5 1.0000 0.5105 0.3012 0.5209 0.7285 0.7662 0.7873 0.6593 6 0.6293 5 Vellore 0.3025 0.2969 0.2997 20 1.0000 0.3780 0.0723 0.4155 0.4238 0.8312 0.6878 0.5441 18 0.4219 19 Tiruvannamalai 0.0600 0.0541 0.0570 29 1.0000 0.2515 0.0964 0.3240 0.2852 0.6623 0.8100 0.4899 24 0.2735 28 Viluppuram 0.0400 0.0365 0.0382 30 1.0000 0.1024 0.0482 0.2853 0.2598 0.7338 0.7421 0.4531 27 0.2457 29 Salem 0.3350 0.3296 0.3323 18 1.0000 0.2229 0.0843 0.6047 0.7344 0.4545 0.5792 0.5257 20 0.4290 17 Namakkal 0.4588 0.4566 0.4577 13 1.0000 0.2937 0.0843 0.5395 0.6953 0.5455 0.7964 0.5650 16 0.5113 14 Erode 0.4838 0.4805 0.4821 10 1.0000 0.3870 0.0723 0.6310 0.7891 0.6688 0.8507 0.6284 10 0.5553 12 The Nilgiris 0.5488 0.5459 0.5473 8 1.0000 0.1732 0.7711 0.5736 0.6914 0.5195 0.7195 0.6355 9 0.5914 9 Dindigul 0.2725 0.2692 0.2708 23 1.0000 0.2274 0.0843 0.4310 0.4609 0.7792 0.7376 0.5315 19 0.4012 22 Karur 0.3425 0.3384 0.3404 17 1.0000 0.4066 0.0241 0.5473 0.5039 0.8571 0.8507 0.5985 14 0.4695 15 Tiruchirappalli 0.4663 0.4654 0.4658 12 1.0000 0.4684 0.0241 0.6744 0.6680 0.9026 0.8235 0.6516 7 0.5587 11 Perambalur 0.0875 0.0830 0.0853 28 1.0000 0.1401 0.0602 0.0760 0.0000 0.6948 0.7919 0.3947 30 0.2400 30 Ariyalur 0.0063 0.0000 0.0031 32 1.0000 0.1009 0.0241 0.3256 0.2129 0.7857 0.7828 0.4617 25 0.2324 31 Cuddalore 0.2363 0.2302 0.2332 25 1.0000 0.3539 0.0241 0.4093 0.5000 0.9351 0.8145 0.5767 15 0.4050 21 Nagapattinam 0.2838 0.2805 0.2821 22 1.0000 0.2319 0.0120 0.2760 0.5957 0.9351 0.7919 0.5489 17 0.4155 20 Thiruvarur 0.2988 0.2931 0.2959 21 1.0000 0.2274 0.0000 0.0000 0.0547 1.0000 0.8733 0.4508 28 0.3733 24 Thanjavur 0.3738 0.3673 0.3705 15 1.0000 0.3735 0.0000 0.1101 0.0371 1.0000 0.9140 0.4907 23 0.4306 16 Pudukkottai 0.1363 0.1308 0.1335 27 1.0000 0.0708 0.0482 0.3333 0.4238 0.8506 0.3982 0.4464 29 0.2900 26 Sivaganga 0.3138 0.3082 0.3110 19 1.0000 0.2229 0.1928 0.2636 0.4980 0.6688 0.3575 0.4577 26 0.3843 23 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 3(5), 54-59, May (2014) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 59 Madurai 0.5638 0.5610 0.5624 7 1.0000 0.4142 0.0120 0.6589 0.6797 0.9935 0.6968 0.6364 8 0.5994 7 Theni 0.5063 0.5031 0.5047 9 1.0000 0.4428 0.0120 0.8217 0.7109 1.0000 0.8688 0.6937 4 0.5992 8 Virudhunagar 0.3513 0.3484 0.3498 16 1.0000 0.1747 0.0241 0.3395 0.3008 0.9675 0.7059 0.5018 21 0.4258 18 Ramanathapuram 0.2550 0.2528 0.2539 24 1.0000 0.0090 0.3976 0.0915 0.4941 0.0714 0.0000 0.2948 32 0.2744 27 Thoothukkudi 0.4288 0.4277 0.4282 14 1.0000 0.3087 0.0482 0.6171 0.6172 0.9156 0.7014 0.6012 13 0.5147 13 Tirunelveli 0.4688 0.4654 0.4671 11 1.0000 0.3961 0.0120 0.7659 0.7344 0.9935 0.8552 0.6796 5 0.5733 10 Kanniyakumari 0.9163 0.9182 0.9172 2 1.0000 0.4352 1.0000 0.3473 0.6777 0.1494 0.7014 0.6159 12 0.7665 2 Dharmapuri 0.0213 0.0138 0.0175 31 1.0000 0.0000 0.1566 0.0698 0.5117 0.0000 0.3348 0.2961 31 0.1568 32 Krishnagiri 0.2038 0.1987 0.2012 26 1.0000 0.1355 0.0964 0.3752 0.5078 0.7078 0.6199 0.4918 22 0.3465 25 Coimbatore 0.7288 0.7283 0.7285 3 1.0000 0.7425 0.0361 1.0000 0.9395 0.9221 0.8914 0.7902 2 0.7594 3 Tiruppur 0.5638 0.5623 0.5630 6 1.0000 0.5512 0.0482 0.8093 0.8281 0.7987 0.8597 0.6993 3 0.6312 4 Note: Computed from the data supplied by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Population Census of India, 2011. Conclusion Environmental sanitation is fairly a new phenomenon. This does not confine only to personal hygiene but essentially includes potable water and toilet facility. Taking a stock of environmental sanitation on a piece meal basis does not serve the purpose fully. Preparation of index assumes importance in this context. Each district within the state exemplified differences in sanitation practices. Level of population, literacy rates, urban/rural, standard of living, purchasing power, industrial/agricultural locations and cultural habits are a few factors exerting influence on sanitation practices. Environmental sanitation index of Tamil Nadu confirmed that Chennai and Kanniyakumari districts ranked first and second where as districts like Dharmapuri, Ariyalur and Perambalur stayed at the bottom. This index is a pointer to administrators to accord priorities to sanitation sector. 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