International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 72 Hydro-Chemical Evaluation of Ground Water of Area Around Raisar, Bikaner District, Rajasthan, IndiaAgarwal Monika, Jain Sushma, Shandilya A.K.2 Department of Chemistry, Dungar College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA Department of Geology, Dungar College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, INDIA Available online at: www.isca.in Received 15th April 2013, revised 29th April 2013, accepted 11th May 2013 AbstractHydro-chemical characteristics of ground water of area around Raisar District Bikaner have been studied to evaluate the suitability of water for irrigation and domestic uses. Ground water sample of twenty four key wells of the study area were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. The ground water sample has been classified on the basis of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) values, Piper Diagram and US Salinity Laboratory Diagram. The hydro-chemical water facies identified by using Piper Trilinear Diagram and of majority of water samples belongs to Sodium Chloride Type. According to US Salinity Laboratory Diagram almost 50% water samples are lying under C, C, C category which indicates very high salinity and medium to very high SAR values so these water samples are not suitable for irrigation purpose. The major identifiable geochemical processes responsible for the evolution of the various ions are mineral weathering, chemical reactions and anthropogenic activities. Keywords: Physico-chemical, piper diagram, US salinity diagram, SAR, Hydro-chemical. Introduction Water is a prime natural resource, a basic human need and a precious national asset and hence its use needs appropriate planning, development and management. It has unique chemical properties due to its polarity and hydrogen bonds so that it is able to dissolve, absorb and adsorb various compounds. Therefore in nature, water is not pure as it acquires contaminants from its surrounding and those arising from humans and animals as well as other biological activities. Water quality analysis is important aspect in ground water studies. The hydro chemical study reveals quality of water for its suitability for drinking, agriculture and industrial purposes. The Bikaner district lies in arid zone of western Rajasthan and is a part of Thar Desert. It covers an area of about 27,244 sq km and lies between North Latitudes 2711’ to 2903’ and East Longitudes 7154’ to 7412’. The present research work covers an area around Village Raisar and falls between North Latitude 2750’ to 2805’ and East Latitude 7330’ to 7345’The important villages located in the study area are Raisar, Naurangdesar, Bamblu, Gersar, Pemasar, Udasar, Bhinasar, Himtasar, Shivbari, and Ridmalsar etc. Here ground water is the main source of drinking water for local population because there is no seasonal and no perennial stream in this area. The quality of ground water resources of these villages vary naturally and widely depending on climate, season, geology of bedrock as well as anthropogenic activities The objective of the present work is to discuss the major ion chemistry of ground water of this area. The chemical parameters of ground water play a significant role in classifying and assessing the water quality. In present study suitability of water is evaluated on the basis of Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Salinity Hazard, Piper Diagram and US Salinity Laboratory Diagram. Material and MethodsWater samples were collected from tube wells of study area before monsoon in year 2012. Total 24 water samples were collected from different locations like residential area, agricultural area and industrial area in one litre clean plastic container according to the water quality standard guideline. The temperature, pH and conductivity of the water samples were determined on the spot using a thermometer, pH meter and conductivity meter respectively. Various standard methods were used for the determination of other parameters. Total dissolved solid (TDS) of water samples were measured by using gravimetric method; Total alkalinity was determined by visual titration method using methyl orange and phenolphthalein as indicator. Total hardness (TH) of water was estimated by complexometric titration method using EDTA as complexing agent in presence of buffer solution and Eriochrome Black–T as indicator. The chloride ions were generally determined by titrating against a standard solution of AgNO using Potassium Chromate as an indicator. Sulphatecontent was determined by gravimetric method using 5% solution of BaCl2 & dilute HSOin the pH range 4 -5.5. The sulphate present in the sample was calculated after drying the precipitate. Fluoride and nitrate in the water samples were estimated by UV – visible spectrophotometer. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 73 Results and Discussion The hydro-chemical analysis results are shown in table – 1. (a), (b) On the basis of data of table – 1 (a) (b) maximum and minimum concentration of major parameters of ground water samples are given in table – 2. The study area is classified in two categories on the basis of value of TDS. The area -1 has water samples from key well number 1-12 having high TDS value and area -2 has water samples from key well number 13-24 having low TDS value comparatively. On the basis of it Piper Diagrams and US Salinity Diagrams are prepared. Piper Diagram: The hydro chemical parameters of ground water samples presented by plotting them on a Piper Tri linear Diagram. These plots include two triangles, one for plotting cations and other for plotting anions. The cations and anions fields are combined to show a single point in a diamond shaped field from which inference is drawn on the basis of hydro-geochemical facies concept10. Hydro-geochemical facies interpretation is a useful tool for determining the flow pattern and origin of chemical histories of ground water. The Piper Diagram is useful in bringing out chemical relationship among ground water samples in more definite terms11. Piper Diagrams are prepared and shown as in figure-2 (for sample 1 – 12) and figure-3 (for sample 13 – 24). These Piper Diagram shows that almost all ground water samples fall in lower right part in the both cation and anion triangles. For cation concentration water is predominately sodium-potassium type and for anion concentration it is predominately Chloride type but in figure-3 Piper Diagram for 13-24, water samples 21, 22, 23 have carbonate – bicarbonate type hydro-chemical group. The result obtained through the interpretation of the diamond shaped cation to anion graph almost all samples have sodium –chloride type water, it means non carbonate alkali exceeds 50% i.e. chemical properties are dominated by alkalies and strong acid. Only sample No. 21, 22, 23 have mixed type water. Figure-1 Map Showing Location of Villages in Study Area International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 74 Table-1(a) Physico-chemical parameters of ground water of various villages around Raisar 2012 KeywellNo. Name of Village pH TDS mg/l EC S/ cm Total Alkalinity mg/l Total hardness mg/l Ca 2+ mg/l Mg +2 mg/l 1 Ranisar 7.4 980 1507.69 370 220 40 29 2 Naurangdesar 7.6 3010 4630.77 230 440 84 55 3 Bamblu 7.5 2380 3661.54 330 430 80 55 4 Gersar 8.5 2103 3235.38 300 280 52 36 5 Nagasar 7.9 3376 5193.85 170 460 52 80 6 Bichwal 8.3 2722 4187.69 370 525 50 97 7 Pemasar 8.1 2846 4378.46 320 480 80 68 8 Udasar 7.6 2091 3216.92 290 330 60 37 9 Raisar 7.3 3789 5829.23 250 580 104 77 10 Himtasar 7.9 2620 4030.77 160 400 68 55 11 Ridmalsar 8.1 2450 3769.23 360 300 56 38 12 Sheobari 7.7 1890 2907.69 430 340 64 34 13 Bhinasar 8.2 945 1453.85 160 245 24 44 14 Udramsar 7.6 1910 2938.46 310 250 48 31 15 Ambasar 7.7 632 972.31 270 120 28 12 16 Surdhana 8.1 596 916.92 220 100 18 13 17 Kilchu 7.8 555 853.85 220 250 48 32 18 Gadwala 7.4 1680 2584.62 250 340 60 46 19 Napasar 7.9 1390 2138.46 270 210 40 26 20 Sinthal 7.7 474 729.23 240 270 52 34 21 Mundsar 7.8 587 903.08 250 150 28 19 22 Belasar 7.8 700 1076.92 300 170 32 22 23 Tejrasar 8.1 796 1224.62 260 220 14 45 24 Gusainsar 8 700 1076.92 300 180 32 24 Table-1(b) Physico-chemical parameters of ground water of various villages around Raisar 2012 Keywell No. Name of Village Cl - mg/l SO 2 - mg/l NO - mg/l - mg/l Na+ mg/l K+ mg/l CO 2 - mg/l HCO - mg/l SAR 1 Ranisar 199 30 17 0.3 230 12 40 261 6.72 2 Naurangdesar 880 150 44 0.64 609 4 54 170 12.63 3 Bamblu 627 110 59 0.7 402 4 60 61 8.43 4 Gersar 765 170 26 0.92 574 4 62 145 14.91 5 Nagasar 1212 240 55 1.16 1085 22 53 221 21.92 6 Bichwal 712 170 41 0.84 550 7 24 122 10.4 7 Pemasar 780 190 46 0.7 901 4 36 73 17.82 8 Udasar 319 90 35 0.36 454 5 33 128 11.32 9 Raisar 1220 180 84 0.5 867 5 46 107 15.64 10 Himtasar 847 110 122 0.52 459 4 24 110 9.98 11 Ridmalsar 590 150 155 1.7 570 7 52 290 14.35 12 Sheobari 380 80 75 0.7 395 4 40 195 9.88 13 Bhinasar 393 110 51 0.96 298 5 60 240 8.3 14 Udramsar 790 170 36 0.3 153 5 20 107 4.21 15 Ambasar 113 30 25 0.56 164 3 30 122 6.5 16 Surdhana 106 40 32 0.26 49 2 26 141 2.13 17 Kilchu 142 40 25 0.4 143 4 27 122 3.9 18 Gadwala 430 60 31 0.4 177 2 60 134 4.16 19 Napasar 414 30 83 0.56 249 6 32 114 7.5 20 Sinthal 170 60 16 0.3 103 4 38 128 2.71 21 Mundsar 95 20 15 0.3 77 3 42 158 2.74 22 Belasar 140 30 29 1.2 149 3 72 158 4.94 23 Tejrasar 142 30 21 0.62 276 6 95 336 8.04 24 Gusainsar 667 200 31 0.8 142 2 48 152 4.6 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 75 Table-2 Maximum and Minimum Concentration of Major Parameters of Ground Water S. No. Major parameters Min. Conc. (mg/l) Max. Conc. (mg/l) Average Value 1 TH 100 580 304 2 TDS 474 3789 1717.6 3 Na + 49 1085 378.2 4 K + 2 22 5.29 5 Ca +2 14 104 50.58 6 Mg +2 12 97 42.04 7 CO 3 - 2 20 95 44.75 8 HCO 3 - 61 336 158.13 9 Cl - 95 1220 505.5 10 SO 4 - 2 20 240 103.75 11 NO 3 - 15 155 40.08 12 F - .26 1.7 .65 Figure-2 Piper Diagram of year 2012 (Water Samples Number 1-12) Salinity Hazard: The importance of electrical conductivity (EC) is its measure of salinity. It talks about the conducting capacity of water which in turn is determined by the presence of dissolved ions and solids12. The physico-chemical study of water samples indicates that water has very high electrical conductivity. Electrical conductivity is related to the total concentration of ions present in water. High concentrations of ions in water make the soil saline and also affect the salt intake capacity through roots13. Inpresent area values of EC varies from 729.23 ΅s/cm to 5829.23 ΅s/cm. The classification of ground water with respect to salinity hazards of the study area given in table-3. Almost all water samples fall under high and very high category (95.83 %). These water samples can be used for irrigation purpose under some salinity controlled techniques for growing plants having good salt tolerance with no adverse effects on productivity15. Figure-3 Piper Diagram of Year 2012 (Water Samples Number 13-24) SAR: Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) is an important parameter for determination of suitability of irrigation water because it is responsible for sodium hazard. SAR is defined as –  \n \r Where all the concentration is expressed in meq/l. The calculated value of SAR in the study area ranges between 2.13 to 21.92. The classification of ground water with respect to Sodium hazard of the study area is given in table -4. The result shows that 29.16% samples have medium SAR value and 4.16% samples have high SAR value. There is a significant relationship between SAR values of irrigation water and the extent to which sodium is absorbed by the soil. If the water used for irrigation in high in sodium and low in calcium, the cation International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 76 exchange complex may become saturated with sodium. This can destroy soil structure owing to dispersion of clay particles16. US Salinity Diagram: On the basis of data, US Salinity Diagram is prepared in which EC is taken as salinity hazard and SAR is taken as sodium hazard. Table-3 Salinity hazard classification on the basis of EC values (After Richard, 1954)14Salinity hazard class EC in ΅s/cm Water Class Number of key wells % C 1 250 Low 0 0 C 2 250-750 Medium 1 4.16 C 3 750-2250 High 11 45.83 C 4 � 2250 Very High 12 50 Table-4 Sodium hazard classification on the basis of SAR values Sodium hazard class SAR Range Water Class Number of key wells % S 1 10 Low 16 66.66 S 2 10-18 Medium 7 29.16 S 3 18-26 High 1 4.16 S 4 � 26 Very High 0 0 Figure-4 US Salinity Diagram for Classification of Irrigation Water (After Richards Years 1954 (Water Samples Number 1-12) International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 77 US Salinity Diagram prepared in figure-4 (sample number 1-12) of area-1 has shown that sample number 1 is lying in Ccategory (high salinity- medium SAR value); sample number 3 in C, sample number 2,6,8,10,12 in C and sample number 4,7,11 in C4 category (very high salinity – medium to very high SAR value). The two water sample number 5, 9 have EC value more than 5000 ΅S / cm are not taken US Salinity Diagram. Figure-5 US Salinity Diagram for Classification of Irrigation Water (After Richards Years 1954 (Water Samples Number 13-24) International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(5), 72-78, May (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 78 US Salinity Diagram prepared in figure-5 (sample number 13 -24) of area-2 has shown that sample number 20 is lying in Ccategory (medium Salinity – low SAR value), sample number 14, 18 in Ccategory (high salinity – medium SAR value) while sample number 13,15,16,17,21,22,23 in C and Ccategory (high salinity – low to medium SAR value). The study of US Salinity Diagram of figure-4 (sample number 1-12) of area-1 and figure-5 (sample number 13-24) of area-2 shows that in area-1 most of the water samples are lying in Cand C category it means very high salinity zone and high to very high sodium hazard value while in area-2 most of the water samples are lying in Cand C category it means high salinity and low to medium sodium hazard value. It indicates that ground water of area-2 (sample number 13-24) has good quality in compare to ground water of area-1 (sample number 1-12). ConclusionFrom the result of the study area, it is observed that the quality of ground water varies from place to place. On the basis of salinity hazard classification most of the water sample fall under high to very high salinity category (95.83%) and SAR values shows that 66.66% water samples are of low class , 29.16% are of medium class and 4.16% sample fall in high class for sodium hazard . Interpretation of Piper Diagram reveals that ground water in the study area is mainly Sodium – Chloride type it means alkalinity exceeds weak acids. The US Salinity Diagram of both area has shown that only one sample (4.5%) lying in category, that is good for irrigation purpose and 45.4% samples lying in C, C category (high salinity – low to medium SAR) can also be used for irrigation purposes but after proper management and strategies. Remaining 50% samples lying under C, C, C categories that are not suitable for irrigation and domestic purposes. 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