International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 46 Charecterization of Diffuse Chemical Pollution in Satna District of Vindhya Region, IndiaTripathi Indra Prasad, Kumar M. Suresh and Dwivedi Arvind Prasad Deptt of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Environment, M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot Satna, MP, INDIA Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, MS, INDIAAvailable online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 6th September 2013, revised 29th October 2013, accepted 20th November 2013 AbstractConcern over agricultural diffuse pollution sources in integrated water and soil quality management has been growing recently. The term diffuse essentially point to this feature of the discharge of such pollution leads which makes them some what difficult to notice, monitor or control. For the study of seasonal variation in inorganic content as well as physico chemical parameters, monitoring was done during summer, rainy and winter season year 2009 to 2011. The parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO) biochemical oxygen demond (BOD), chemical oxygen demond (COD), nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulphate, phosphate and heavy metals for water analysis and soil temperature, pH, O.C (organic carbon), total nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cation (Na, K, Ca++, Mg++) and heavy metals for soil analysis have been studied. The study revealed that the water sources in the area are heavily polluted. The heavy metals concentration were found more than the permissible limits during all the seasons. Most of these parameters are correlated with one another. Statistical analysis of the data is presented. Keywords: Satna district, diffuse pollution, ground water, soil, heavy metals, statistical analysis, Vindhyan region.Introduction The focus has been on regulating the point source pollution load from urban and Industrial sources and non-point or diffuse load from agriculture, animal husbandry and rural sources were largely ignored in water quality management. Increasing use of chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics, petrochemicals, harm aquatic life and human health. Other chemical in recent years has caused the more diffused chemicals pollution. Satna, also called Shat Nagar or Bhatgarh, city, northeastern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated on the Tons River, a tributary of the Ganges (Ganga). The city is a road and rail junction and an important distribution centre for agricultural products and cloth fabrics. The grain market in the city is one of the largest in the country. Industries include flour and oilseed milling and cement manufacturing; there is a large cement plant and a thermal power-generating station. Satna has several colleges affiliated with Awadesh Pratap Singh University. Satna’s surrounding region was part of the kingdom of Kosala and later became part of Vatsa territory. The Vindhya Pradesh plateau is environmentally very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity and diffuse chemical pollution. The district of Satna is situated between latitude 23” 12’ north and longitude 80” 21’ and 81” 23’ east in mid northern part of Rewa commissioner’s division in Madhya Pradesh State of India. Heavy metals viz, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ag, Co, Ag, Hg, Ca and Sc are recognized highly toxic and dangers pollutant. However, continuous disposal of industrial effluents on lands leads to percolation of pollutants to the groundwater through seepage and leaching, causing contamination. As a result, farmers in the adjoining areas find the ground water unsuitable for irrigation. Drinking water wells may also get affected. Environmental problems related to industrial effluent disposal on land have been reported from various parts of the country. Disposal on land has become a regular practice for some industries and creates local/regional environmental problems2-12. Watershed management for any city requires the estimation of both point and non-point sources of water pollution. An effective land-use planning plays a crucial role in efficient management of water resources of any area. Both diffuse and point source pollution is dependent upon the land use pattern of a city. The total amount of runoff generated from an area depends upon the land use type of that area. High impervious area in a city results in more runoff generation thereby allowing more pollutants to enter into the surface water bodies directly and indirectly. Similarly the point source pollution of water is also dependent upon the landuse pattern of the city. Densely populated city like National Capital Territory (NCT) of India will generate more domestic sewage. Also, urban runoff on percolation results in salinization of the groundwater13. The poor quality of surface waters can also be attributed to the runoff generated from both dry and wet weather14-15. Different factors contributing to the quality of urban runoff have been studied and it has been concluded that International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 47 surface water quality is indeed affected by urbanization and industrialization16-17. Satna district comprises of variety of minerals including bauxite shale, laterite, conglomerate, cuartzite, sandstone, coal seams and granite etc. Soils derived from sandstone are generally non – permeable and have no water contents. The water table in sandstone is deeper in general shalis show little percolation of ground water hence has limited retaining and explanation of it. Limestone allows movement of ground water due to the presence of such geology the ground water of study area is highly affected in its quality, the aim of present work is to assess the quality of drinking water of the Satna district by analyzing various inorganic non-metallic constituent and heavy metals present in water18. Material and Methods Twenty sampling locations consisting of bore wells and hand pumps were selected in the study area. Sampling was done during summer, rainy and winter seasons (of year 2009 to 2010). The month of April-May, July-August and December-January, were selected as representative month of summer, rainy and winter seasons respectively. Sampling was done in accordance with grab sampling methods in polyethylene bottles of one liter capacity. To avoid leaching of metals and interaction with the surface wall of the container, bottles were first cleaned with detergent and then with 1:1 HNO for 24 hours. Finally bottles were cleaned and rinsed with the distilled water. During sampling bottles were rinsed two to three times with the sample to be examined before finally filling with it. Samples were collected by immersing the rinsed bottles in river water19-20. During sampling from hand pumps and bore wells, the water pumped to waste for about five minutes and sample was collected directly. All the samples were refrigerated at 4C in the laboratory19,21,22, and procedures were followed as per the standard methods23-25, and different physicochemical parameters like, temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulphate, phosphate and heavy metal were analyzed. Twenty soil samples were collected from different location in plastic bags, dried at 60C for 48h and fine powder was made with the help of pistil mortar and sieved it with 2mm sieve. The pH of the soil samples was determined with Orion Research Analog pH meter/model 301 according to standard analytical method. Organic matter was determined using the chromic acid oxidation method. Soil samples were analyzed for Ca, mg, K and Na and these minerals were extracted by using ammonium chloride extracting solution methods. The samples were capped and weighed to determine possible acid loss during digestion. The samples were then digested in CEM 2000 microwave digester at 100 ponds per square inch (PSI) for 5.5 min and filtered through Whatman 42 filters and transferred to 100ml volumetric flasks. Samples with weighed loss of greater than 10% were re-digested. The digested samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The locations of sampling stations are shown in figure 1. The coefficient of variation (CV) was determined using the formula. Where CV = coefficient of variation, SD = Standard Deviation The correlation coefficient ‘r’ was calculated using the equation where x and y represents two different parameters. The t- test (t) was calculated by using the following formula at degree of freedom = n – 2. Results and Discussion In the present study ground water and soil samples were collected from Satna district. These water samples were subjected for the analysis of parameters like temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrates, nitrites, sulphates chlorides, phosphates and heavy metals like lead, cadmium, nickel, Iron, chromium and copper. As for as soil samples are concerned physicochemical properties like texture, structure, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and heavy metals were analyzed. Ground water samples collected from 20 different locations, and analyzed for the physicochemical characteristics, correlation coefficient and heavy metal content in it. The physicochemical characteristics of the ground water sample of Satna during the three seasons are presented in table-1. Heavy metals concentrations in the ground water samples of Satna district in different seasons and average values with their standard deviation are presented in table-2 and 3. The graphical representation of average individual metals concentrations from different location are depicted in figure- 2a and 2b. Same as soil samples collected from 20 different locations, and analyzed for the chemical properties and heavy metal contents in it. The chemical characteristics of soil collected from Satna district for the three seasons are presented in table-4. Metal contents in the soil of Satna with seasons are presented in table-5 and the average metals concentrations are showed in table-6. The graphical representation of average metals concentrations from different locations are depicted in figure- 3a and 3b. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 48 Figure-1 Sampling locations of Satna District Characteristics of ground water: Ground water samples were collected from twenty different locations in Satna District; the details of the locations are depicted in the figure- 1. The ground water samples were collected during the three seasons (Monsoon, winter and summer) to know the seasonal variation in characteristics. The physicochemical characteristics of the ground water sample of Satna during the three seasons are presented in tables-1. The mean values of eleven parameters of ground water analysed in 20 stations together with their SD and CV are presented in table- 1. The water temperature averaged 29.6C which was lower than the average value of ground water of Prism Cement Plant (36.8) and higher than those of Unchara (24.5) at location B20, in Satna District during monsoon season. pH was ranging from 6.6 to 8.1 with an mean value of 7.2 mg/l. WHO (1984) prescribed to desirable limit of pH range between 7 and 8.5 mg/l. The turbidity of water was found to be 1.0 to 10 NTU and the mean value was 2.4 NTU. The value from all the sampling stations within the WHO recommended values (5NTU) except the sampling stations of Kothi region (B5). The mean value of DO in the ground waters of during monsoon season was 3.54 mg/l which was ranged between 1.5 to 7.4 mg/l, The maximum value was recorded in the samples B14 collected from Amarpatan. The mean values of BOD and COD in the ground water of Satna District during monsoon season were 4.06 mg/l and 7.29 mg/l respectively. The BOD and COD values observed in the present study were well within the limit (6.0 mg/l for BOD and 10 mg/l for COD) prescribed by WHO for drinking water. The CV value of temperature (12.6), pH (9.1), COD 15.1 or lower than 50%, there for variation of these parameters are not significant between sampling stations, while turbidity (77.3) and DO (52.5) shows CV value which means of turbidity do not varies from one sampling stations to another stations. In the case of nitrates, nitrites, sulphate, chloride and phosphates, the mean values were recorded as 4.028, 1.972, 3.179, 34.75, 0.860 mg/l and all the results are within the permissible limit. The high CV values of nitrates (84.8), Nitrites (98.3), chloride (68.3) and phosphate (116.7) indicated their significant variation from one station to another. The correlation coefficient (r) among various water quality parameters are given in table-1. The temperature of ground water in Satna District during monsoon showed positive relationship with pH, nitrates and sulphates and negative relationship with turbidity, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates. The pH of the ground water showed significant positive relationship between DO, BOD, COD, nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, chlorides and phosphates and negative relationship with turbidity. Turbidity showed all the parameters significant negative relationship. Dissolved oxygen (DO) showed positive relationship with pH, BOD, COD, nitrites, chlorides, phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, turbidity, nitrates and sulphates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) showed positive relationship with pH, DO, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, turbidity, COD, nitrates and sulphate. Chemical oxygen Demand (COD) showed positive relationship with pH, DO, nitrites, chlorides and International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 49 phosphate and negative relationship with temperature, turbidity, BOD, nitrates and sulphate. Nitrates showed significant positive relationship with temperature, pH, BOD, sulphate and negative relationship with turbidity, DO, COD, nitrites, chloride and phosphates. Nitrites in present investigation showed positive relationship with pH, DO, BOD, COD, chloride and phosphate are negative relationship with temperature, turbidity, nitrates and sulphates. The sulphates of the ground water showed significant positive relationship with temperature, pH, nitrates and phosphate and negative relationship with turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, nitrites and chloride. Chloride showed significant positive relationship with pH, DO, BOD, COD, nitrites and phosphate and negative relationship with Phosphate showed significant positive relationship between ground water pH, DO, BOD, COD, nitrites, sulphate and chloride and negative relationship with temperature, turbidity and nitrates. The present study deals with the various relationship derived statistically by calculation ‘r’ and ‘t’ among the physico-chemical characteristics the r value was negative 27 times and positive 28 times this showed that positive relationship in the present study. During monsoon season, correlated different parameter each other statistically which shows great variation negative to positive values for 1% significant value (2.878) and 5% significant value (2.101). In the case of dissolved oxygen and pH, COD and pH, COD and DO and chloride and nitrites we established a correlation ship which were positive and values were 2.559, 2.637, 2.802 and 2.423 respectively, which was greater than 5% significant level. For chloride and nitrates we have found positive value of correlation ship at 15 significant level i,e 3.768 while nitrate and nitrites, sulphate and DO and sulphate and nitrites shows negative relationship i,e -4.070, -4.238 and -3.378 respectively with each other at 1% significant level. It showed that DO, pH, COD, chloride, nitrites, nitrates, temperature, sulphate play major role in the physico chemical characteristics of ground water of satna district during monsoon season. The mean values of eleven parameters of ground water analysed in 20 station together with their SD and CV are presented in table- 1. The water temperature averaged 23.6C which was lower than the average value of ground water of Bariha (28.6C) at location B13 and higher than those of Kothi (15.9C) at location B20 in Satna District during winter season. pH was ranging from 5.6-8.6 with an mean value of 7.02, WHO (1984) prescribed the desirable limit of pH range between 7 and 8.5 mg/l. The turbidity of water was found to be 0.5 to 2.0 NTU and the mean value was 1.28 NTU. The mean value of DO in the ground water of Satna District during winter season was 3.535 mg/l respectively. Dissolved oxygen was ranged between 1.4-7.6 mg/l the maximum value was recorded during the winter period in the samples B14 collected from Amarpatan. The mean values of BOD and COD in the ground water of Satna District during winter season were 4.1 mg/l and 7.65 mg/l respectively. The BOD and COD values observed in the present study were well within the limit (6.0 mg/l for BOD and 10 mg/l for COD) prescribed by WHO for drinking water. The CV values of temperature (13.9), pH (10.3), turbidity (29.0), dissolved oxygen (53.6), BOD (39.5) and COD (12.7) showed that wide fluctuation there for relation of these parameters did not occur between stations. In the case of nitrates, nitrites, sulphates, chloride and phosphate, the mean values were recorded as 3.664, 2.332, 3.090, 33.2, 0.793 mg/l and all the results are within the permissible limit. The phosphates content of water was found to be 0.05-3.7 mg/l. The highest value of 3.7 mg/l was recorded at location B11 while the minimum value 0.05 mg/l was recorded at location B15, as show in table-1. The CV values of nitrates (85.2), nitrites (109.9), sulphates (52.9), chlorides (64.6), and phosphates (133.6) indicated their significant variation from one station to another. The correlation coefficient (r) among various water quality parameter are given in table-1. The temperature of ground water during winter showed positive relationship with pH, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, nitrates and nitrites and negative relationship with sulphate, chlorides and phosphates. The pH of the ground water showed significant positive relationship between temperature, turbidity, nitrates and sulphates and negative relationship with DO, BOD, COD, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates. Turbidity showed significant positive relationship with temperature, pH, DO, COD, nitrates, sulphates and phosphate and negative relationship with BOD, nitrites and chlorides. Dissolved oxygen (DO) showed positive relationship with temperature, turbidity, BOD, COD, nitrites and phosphates and negative relationship with pH, nitrates, sulphates and chloride. Biochemical oxygen Demand (BOD) showed positive relationship with temperature, DO and nitrites and negative relationship with pH, turbidity, COD, nitrates, sulphate, chlorides and phosphates. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) showed positive relationship with temperature, turbidity, DO, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates and negative relationship with pH, BOD, and sulphates. Nitrates showed significant positive relationship with temperature, pH, turbidity, COD, sulphates and phosphates and negative relationship with DO, BOD, nitrites and chlorides. Nitrites in present investigation showed positive relationship with temperature, DO, BOD, COD, chlorides and phosphates and negative relationship with pH, turbidity, nitrates and sulphates. Sulphates showed significant positive relationship with pH, turbidity, nitrates and phosphate and negative relationship with temperature, DO, BOD, COD, nitrites and chlorides. Chlorides International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 50 showed significant positive relationship with COD, nitrites and phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, pH, turbidity, DO, BOD, nitrates and sulphates. Phosphates showed significant positive relationship between turbidity, DO, COD, nitrates, nitrites, sulphate and chlorides and negative relationship with temperature, pH and BOD. The various relationship derived statistically by calculation ‘r’ and 't', among the physico-chemical characteristics. The r value was 25 times negative and 30 times positive this showed that positive relationship in the present study. During winter season we have investigated the different physico chemical characteristics of ground water of satna district and stablised the correlation by using ANOVA statistical software. The table values of 5% significant level were 2.101 and at 1% significant level were 2.878. In the case of BOD and temperature, COD and turbidity, nitrites and BOD and sulphate and nitrites we established a correlationship which were positive and value were 2.235, 2.522, 2.403 and 2.753 respectively, which was greater than 5% significant level. For sulphate and temperature we have found negative value of correlationship at 5% significant level i,e -2.21, while COD and DO we have found 2.943 correlation which slightly greater than 1% significant value. It showed that BOD, temperature, turbidity, nitrites, sulphates, COD, DO play major role in the physico chemical characteristics of ground water of satna district during winter season. The mean values of eleven parameters of ground water analysed in 20 stations together with their SD and CV are present in table- 1. The water temperature averaged 30.6C which was lower than the average value of ground water of Nagod (36.6C) at location B17 and higher than those prism Cement Plant (25.1C) at location B8 in Satna District during summer season. pH was ranging from 6.5- 8.1 (mean value of 7.20) and turbidity of water was found to be 0.5 to 1.5 NTU (mean value was 0.995 NTU). The mean value of DO in the ground water of Satna District during summer season was 3.535 mg/l which ranged between 1.0-7.8 mg/l, the maximum value was recorded during the summer period in samples B14 collected from Amarpatan. The mean values of BOD and COD in the ground water of Satna District during summer season were 3.795 mg/l and 8.045 mg/l respectively. The BOD and COD values observed in the present study were well within the limit prescribed by WHO for drinking water. The CV values of temperature (10.9), pH (6.7), turbidity (35.1), dissolved oxygen (54.8), BOD (42.8) and COD (12.5) showed that wide fluctuation of these factors did not occur between stations. In the case of nitrates, nitrites, sulphate, chloride and phosphates, the mean values were recorded as 3.415, 2.073, 2.6, 34.5, 0.674 mg/l and all the results are within the permissible limit. The phosphates content of water was found to be 0.03 to 3.0 mg/l. The highest value of 3.0 mg/l was recorded at location B15 as Show in table-1 Values of phosphate at Birla cement plant (0.97), Kothi (0.37), Chibaura (0.47), Maihar cement plant (2.11), Amarpatan (0.36) Nagod (1.66) and Birsinghpur (3.0) are higher than the permissibl limit prescribed by WHO and BIS. The high CV values of nitrates (87), nitrites (91.9) chloride (55.3) and phosphates (122.9) indicated their significant variation from one station to another. The correlation coefficient (r) among various water quality parameter are given in table- 1. The temperature of ground water during summer showed positive relationship with pH, BOD, nitrites and chlorides and negative relationship with turbidity, DO, COD, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates. The pH of the ground water showed significant positive relationship between temperature, DO, BOD, COD, nitrates and phosphates and negative relationship with turbidity, nitrites, sulphates and chlorides. Turbidity showed significant positive relationship with DO, COD, nitrates, sulphates and phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, pH BOD, nitrites and chlorides. Dissolved oxygen (DO) showed positive relationship with pH, turbidity, BOD, COD, nitrites and phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, nitrates, sulphates and chlorides.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in present investigation showed positive relationship with temperature, pH, turbidity, DO, nitrites and negative relationship with turbidity, COD, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides and phosphates. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) in present investigation showed positive relationship with pH, turbidity, DO, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates and negative relationship with temperature, BOD and sulphates. Nitrates showed significant positive relationship with pH, turbidity, COD and sulphates and negative relationship with temperature, DO, BOD, nitrites, chlorides and phosphates. Nitrites in present investigation showed positive relationship with temperature, DO, BOD, COD and phosphates and negative relationship with pH, turbidity, nitrates, sulphates and chlorides. Sulphates of the ground water summer showed significant positive relationship with turbidity, nitrates and chlorides and negative relationship with temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, nitrites and phosphates. Chlorides showed significant positive relationship with temperature, COD, sulphates and phosphates and negative relationship with pH, turbidity, DO, BOD, nitrates and nitrites. Phosphates showed significant positive relationship between ground water pH, turbidity, DO, COD, nitrites and chlorides and negative relationship with temperature, BOD, nitrates and sulphate. The present study deals with the various relationship derived statistically by calculation of ‘r’ and ‘t’ among the physico-chemical characteristics. The r value was 28 times negative and 27 times positive this showed that negative relationship in the present study. During summer season correlated between different parameter with each other, statistically which shows great variation negative to positive values for 1% significant value ( 2.878 and 5% significant value 2.101). In the case of nitrates and turidity, nitrites and nitrates, sulphate and DO and sulphate and nitrites International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 51 we stablished a correlation which were positive and values were 2.211, 2.491, 2.631 and 2.102 respectively, which was greater than 5% significant level. Sulphate and temperature shows positive relationship i,e 2.150 which is closer to the 1% significant value. COD and DO were found positive value of co relationship at 1% significant level i,e 3.022. Turbidity and temperature, sulphate and nitrites shows negative relationship i,e -2.866 and -6.146 respectively with each other at 1% significant level. It showed that nitrites, turbidity, temperature, nitrates, sulphates, COD, DO play major role in the physico chemical characteristics of ground water of Satna district during summer season. The heavy metals concentrations in the ground water samples of Satna District in different seasons and average values with their standard deviations are presented in table- 2 and 3. The lead concentration was recorded maximum during the monsoon season (9.04 ppm) and minimum of 0.046 ppm in summer season. Cadmium concentration was found to be 0.143 ppm, maximum in monsoon and minimum of 0.010 ppm during summer. Maximum concentrations of Nickel, Iron, Chromium and Copper are observed to be 0.041, 2.33, 0.056 and 1.2 ppm, while minimum values were recorded as 0.009, 0.01, 0.013, 0.01 ppm, respectively. The average individual metals concentrations from different locations in Satna District are depicted in figure-2 a and 2b. Characteristics of soil: Oil samples collected from 20 different locations, and analyzed for the chemical properties and heavy metals contents in it. The chemical properties of the soils collected from Satna District for the three seasons are presented in table- 4, Heavy metals concentrations in the soils of Satna with seasons are presented in table- 5 and the average metals concentrations are showed in table- 6. The maximum concentration of chromium (99.0 mg/kg) and lead (103.0 mg/kg) was observed at sample B and B respectively (figure- 3a and 3b). The maximum concentration of cadmium 24.0 mg/kg was observed at the location B2, while Nikel was found to be 54.0 mg/kg maximum at B17 location. The maximum concentration of copper (87.0 mg/kg) was detected at sampling location of B and maximum Iron concentration found to be 180 mg/kg at B. All the results were compared with the standards set by bureu of Indian standards (100500 : 1991), world health organization (1994) and SQGL value as given in table-7. Table-1 Seasonal variation in Physico-chemical characteristics of ground water samples at different locations in Satna District Parameters Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B1 0 B 11 B 12 B 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 Mean S.D C.V. Temperature C) Monsoo n 30. 4 24. 5 27. 2 33. 3 25. 5 38. 1 33. 4 36. 8 31. 4 31. 4 30.3 28.5 29.2 30.1 28.5 29.2 27.3 25.1 27.8 24.5 29.62 5 3.742 12.6 Winter 24. 4 21. 4 17. 2 24. 7 15. 9 23. 4 24. 5 24. 5 23. 1 23 22.3 21.9 28.6 31.2 26.3 24 23.4 24.1 24.6 24.6 23.65 5 3.294 13.9 Summer 32 29. 2 27. 3 32. 2 35. 7 31. 7 33. 2 25. 1 27. 5 29. 8 25.8 27.2 27.6 32.4 34.2 35 36.6 32 29.8 28.5 30.64 3.355 10.9 pH Mons oo n 7.4 2 7.1 6 6.8 6.8 5 6.6 2 7.2 5 7.2 3 7.0 6 7.3 6 8.1 2 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.8 7.6 8.16 6.61 7.85 7.4 5.23 7.281 0.664 9.1 Winter 8 6.8 7 8 6.9 6.6 7.3 7.7 6.8 6.3 7.1 5.6 8.6 7.8 6.4 7.3 6.1 6.8 6.5 6.8 7.02 0.728 10.3 Summer 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.8 7 7 7.4 7.1 7.2 8.1 7.5 6.6 7.82 7.6 7.5 7 7.1 7.4 8.1 6.36 7.204 0.483 6.7 Turbidity (NTU) Monsoo n 1 3 2.5 3 10 2 2 3 2 1.5 2.4 2.1 1.75 2.8 1.9 1.5 2 1.7 1.5 1 2.432 5 1.881 77.3 Winter 0.5 1 1.5 2 1 1.5 1.5 1 2 1 1.6 1 1.2 1.5 1.5 1 1.2 1 1.5 1.1 1.28 0.372 29 Summer 1 1.5 1 1 1 1.2 1 1 2 1 1 1.2 1 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 0.995 0.350 35.1 Dissolved Oxygen Monsoo n 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.2 1.5 1.7 1.6 6.5 5.5 6.3 4.5 2.2 7.4 6.1 3.2 1.5 4.3 4.2 3.2 3.59 1.885 52.5 Winter 2.1 2.5 2.1 2.4 2 1.7 1.5 1.4 5.7 5.4 6.5 4.7 2.5 7.6 6.3 3.5 1.7 3.7 4.1 3.3 3.535 1.894 53.6 Summer 2 2.6 2 2.1 2 2 1.4 1 5.5 4.7 6.8 4.9 2.7 7.8 6.5 3.7 2.1 3.9 4 3 3.535 1.939 54.8 BOD Monsoo n 4.7 4.5 1.2 2.2 3 4.3 4.8 2.6 3.5 3.3 3.4 4.6 5.7 5 6.4 6.7 4.7 4.2 3 3.4 4.06 1.371 33.7 Winter 4.6 4.4 1.1 2.1 2.7 4 4.6 2.4 3.4 3 3.5 7.4 5.5 5.8 6.3 6.6 4.5 4 2.8 3.3 4.1 1.619 39.5 Summer 4.3 4 1 2 2.4 3.8 4.4 2.2 3.2 2.8 1.8 7.1 5.3 5.5 6 6.2 4.3 3.8 2.7 3.1 3.795 1.625 42.8 COD Monsoo n 5.7 8 7.2 9 5.8 6.9 6.2 6.1 6.8 9.3 8.5 6.9 6.5 8 8.2 8.1 6.3 8.5 7.7 6.2 7.295 1.106 15.1 Winter 6.1 8.2 7.5 9.5 6 7.2 7 6.5 8.2 8.8 8.6 7 6.9 8.2 8.5 8.2 6.5 8.7 7.9 7.6 7.655 0.977 12.7 Summer 6.7 8.6 7.7 9.7 6.2 7.8 7.2 6.7 8.7 9.2 9 7.2 7.1 8.7 9.2 8.6 7.2 9.2 8.3 7.9 8.045 1.011 12.5 Nitrates Monsoo n 1.8 6.5 2.6 3.5 0.6 11. 8 9.8 7.5 8 4.2 7.1 0.5 3.5 3.5 3 1.8 4.6 0.01 0.01 0.25 4.028 3.418 84.8 Winter ND 4.2 3 2.1 5 3.1 7 0.5 6 9.8 7 8.6 7 8.5 7.2 7 3.2 8 6.92 0.2 2 3.5 2 2 4 1 0.1 0.2 3.664 3.122 85.2 Summer ND 4.1 3 1.5 6 2.8 9 0.3 2 8.2 8 8.2 1 8.5 2 7.6 8 3.3 3 6.57 0.2 2 3 3 2 2 0.1 0.1 1 3.415 2.973 87 Nitrites Monsoo n 2 0.6 2 0.2 3 1.2 0.3 2 0.3 0.2 9 2.3 1.1 0.1 9 0.2 1.2 0.1 5 2.5 5.3 5.2 3.7 5.5 2.2 1.972 1.940 98.3 Winter 1.9 8 0.5 6 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 0.2 8 0.2 5 1.9 5 1 ND 0.15 1.7 ND 6.1 3.5 8.3 6.8 4.9 0.5 2.8 2.332 2.565 1 09. 9 Summer 1.5 6 0.4 7 ND 0.9 7 0.0 9 0.2 3 0.2 2 1.5 5 0.9 6 ND 0.08 3.2 0.5 6 4 4.8 5.3 2.8 2 2.6 2.073 1.907 91.9 Sulphates Monsoo n 3.7 7 4.1 1 4.1 7 3.3 4 2.8 6 3.6 5 4.6 7 3.7 6 3.6 8 3.5 3 4.22 3.45 4.92 1 1.2 2.4 0.7 3.15 3.8 1.2 3.179 1.243 39.1 Winter 3.5 4 3. 6 8 6.8 8 2.6 5 2.7 3 3.5 2 5.2 6 3.4 5 3.5 2 2.6 8 5.88 3.34 3.66 0.82 0.8 2.2 0.5 2.6 3 1.1 3.090 1.636 52.9 Summer 3.1 1 3.4 4 4 2.5 4 2.5 2 3.4 7 4.5 2 3.1 5 3.1 2 2.5 5 4.15 2.67 3.15 0.81 0.5 2 0.4 2.3 2.5 1.1 2.6 1.165 44.8 Chlorides Monsoo n 36 37 12 14 29 27 25 34 37 25 19 20 10 8 44 82 12 78 78 68 34.75 23.75 68.3 Winter 43 40 15 18 33 31 29 38 30 28 21 10 8 8 30 70 6 70 76 60 33.2 21.46 3 64.6 Summer 38 43 19 21 38 42 35 43 38 20 28 10 7 5 25 62 23 68 70 55 34.5 19.08 5 55.3 Phosphates Monsoo n 0.2 3 1.2 0.3 2 0 .2 8 0.5 1 0.1 2 0.2 7 0.2 3 0.6 2 0.4 5 3.5 1.9 0.36 0.51 0.06 0.7 2 3.2 0.53 0.22 0.860 1.004 116. 7 Winter 0.1 1 1 0.1 1 0.2 6 0.4 6 ND 0.1 4 0.1 9 0.5 6 0.3 7 3.7 0.98 0.27 0.32 0.05 ND 1.89 3.15 0.52 0.2 0.793 1.060 133. 6 Summer ND 0.9 7 0.0 9 0.2 3 0.3 7 ND 0.1 2 0.1 8 0.4 7 0.2 9 2.11 0.85 0.21 0.36 0.03 ND 1.66 3 0.35 0.18 0.674 0.829 122. 9 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 52 Table-2 Seasonal variation in metals concentration of ground water samples at different locations in Satna District Metals (ppm) Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 Lead Monsoon 0.051 0.582 0.524 0.737 0.809 0.630 0.615 0.875 0.828 0.494 0.226 9.04 0.595 0.600 0.612 0.690 0.662 0.574 0.575 0.687 Winter 0.036 0.095 0.528 0.748 0.815 0.637 0.627 0.872 0.838 0.512 0.236 9.00 0.598 0.612 0.619 0.698 0.672 0.584 0.587 0.695 Summer 0.046 0.075 0.359 0.744 0.812 0.632 0.623 0.869 0.791 0.491 0.225 8.95 0.594 0.594 0.610 0.692 0.657 0.671 0.573 0.685 Cadmium Monsoon 0.033 0.094 0.112 0.086 0.084 0.072 0.104 0.085 0.074 0.098 0.073 0.095 0.070 0.143 0.069 0.084 0.085 0.141 0.079 0.081 Winter 0.031 0.097 0.010 0.082 0.078 0.067 0.118 0.075 0.059 0.086 0.058 0.093 0.065 0.138 0.065 0.081 0.079 0.137 0.074 0.075 Summer 0.027 0.086 0.086 0.073 0.068 0.057 0.010 0.068 0.049 0.077 0.047 0.087 0.061 0.133 0.059 0.075 0.073 0.135 0.067 0.065 Nikel Monsoon 0.023 0.016 0.025 0.019 ND 0.036 0.023 0.017 ND 0.019 0.041 ND ND 0.026 0.023 0.016 0.017 0.024 0.027 0.013 Winter 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.028 ND 0.028 0.025 0.021 ND 0.011 0.022 ND ND 0.032 0.029 0.013 0.009 0.025 0.028 0.016 Summer 0.022 0.021 0.024 ND ND 0.032 0.022 0.014 ND 0.018 0.032 ND ND 0.028 0.027 0.015 0.013 0.023 0.024 0.014 Iron Monsoon 0.22 0.46 0.53 2.27 0.52 0.49 0.57 0.31 0.55 2.03 0.67 0.09 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.65 0.50 0.47 0.32 0.19 Winter 0.24 0.51 0.65 2.33 0.63 0.51 0.62 0.45 0.57 2.21 0.71 0.10 0.18 0.25 0.14 0.76 0.88 0.55 0.49 0.24 Summer 0.21 0.37 0.45 2.21 0.48 0.46 0.52 0.30 0.49 2.00 0.52 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.52 0.45 0.36 0.24 0.16 Cromium Monsoon 0.041 0.037 0.017 0.046 0.029 0.035 0.025 0.043 0.024 0.052 0.043 0.025 0.052 0.041 0.018 0.039 0.027 0.047 0.035 0.039 Winter 0.051 0.039 0.019 0.052 0.019 0.056 0.031 0.045 0.025 0.055 0.052 0.042 0.54 0.051 0.023 0.042 0.018 0.044 0.041 0.040 Summer 0.043 0.035 0.013 0.047 0.025 0.054 0.023 0.042 0.021 0.049 0.039 0.028 0.055 0.046 0.019 0.038 0.024 0.033 0.032 0.038 Copper Monsoon 0.04 0.60 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 Winter 0.08 0.09 1.00 0.07 0.06 0.80 0.10 0.02 0.20 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 Summer 0.02 0.08 1.20 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.09 0.06 0.80 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.20 0.03 0.50 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.01 All the values are expressed in mg/l. B1: Near District hospital Satna, B2: Near Birla cement plant, B3: Near steel plant Babupur, B4: Madhogarh, near higher secondary school, B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi, B6: Near Jaithwara primary school, B7: Rampur Baghelan, near Hanuman chauk, B8: Near Prism cement plant, B9: Near Hospital and School, Chibaura, B10: Near Maihar, B11: Near Maihar cement plant, B12: Near Dhanera gram panchayat, B13: Near Barhiya primary school, B14: Near Amarpatan, B15: Near Ramnagar Bus stand, B16: Near Unchagra railway station, B17: Near Nagod, B18: Near temple Birsinghpur, B19: Near Majhgawan Bus stand, B20: Near Chitrakoot. Table-3 Average metals concentration in ground water of Satna District Metals Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 Lead SD (+ ) 0.044 0.251 0.470 0.743 0.812 0.633 0.622 0.872 0.819 0.499 0.229 8.997 0.596 0.602 0.614 0.693 0.664 0.610 0.578 0.689 0.008 0.287 0.096 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.025 0.011 0.006 0.045 0.002 0.009 0.005 0.004 0.008 0.053 0.008 0.005 Cadmium SD (+ ) 0.030 0.092 0.069 0.080 0.077 0.065 0.077 0.076 0.061 0.087 0.059 0.092 0.065 0.138 0.064 0.080 0.079 0.138 0.073 0.074 0.003 0.006 0.053 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.059 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.013 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.006 0.008 Nikel SD (+ ) 0.021 0.019 0.024 0.024 ND 0.032 0.023 0.017 ND 0.016 0.032 ND ND 0.029 0.026 0.015 0.013 0.024 0.026 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.006 ND 0.004 0.002 0.004 ND 0.004 0.010 ND ND 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.002 Iron SD (+ ) 0.223 0.447 0.543 2.270 0.543 0.487 0.570 0.353 0.537 2.080 0.633 0.080 0.083 0.093 0.087 0.643 0.610 0.460 0.350 0.197 0.015 0.071 0.101 0.060 0.078 0.025 0.050 0.084 0.042 0.114 0.100 0.026 0.084 0.136 0.047 0.120 0.235 0.095 0.128 0.040 Cromium SD (+ ) 0.045 0.037 0.016 0.048 0.024 0.048 0.026 0.043 0.023 0.052 0.045 0.032 0.216 0.046 0.020 0.040 0.023 0.041 0.036 0.039 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.012 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.007 0.009 0.281 0.005 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.001 Copper SD (+ ) 0.047 0.257 0.743 0.040 0.043 0.343 0.073 0.030 0.343 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.020 0.113 0.027 0.253 0.030 0.013 0.023 0.017 0.031 0.297 0.626 0.026 0.021 0.405 0.038 0.026 0.405 0.038 0.031 0.029 0.010 0.076 0.015 0.225 0.020 0.006 0.015 0.006 Concentrations of metals are expressed in mg/l. B1: Near District hospital Satna, B2: Near Birla cement plant, B3: Near steel plant Babupur, B4: Madhogarh, near higher secondary school, B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi, B6: Near Jaithwara primary school, B7: Rampur Baghelan, near Hanuman chauk, B8: Near Prism cement plant, B9: Near Hospital and School, Chibaura, B10: Near Maihar, B11: Near Maihar cement plant, B12: Near Dhanera gram panchayat, B13: Near Barhiya primary school, B14: Near Amarpatan, B15: Near Ramnagar Bus stand, B16: Near Unchagra railway station, B17: Near Nagod, B18: Near temple Birsinghpur, B19: Near Majhgawan Bus stand, B20: Near Chitrakoot. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 53 Figure 2a Metals content in the ground water samples of Satna District International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 54 Figure-2b Metals content in the ground water samples of Satna District International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 55 Table-4 Chemical composition of soils collected from different locations in Satna District SEASONS Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 O.C. Summer 2.19 1.58 0.44 0.40 4.19 0.30 0.70 1.50 2.47 1.32 0.79 0.38 0.21 0.25 0.40 0.17 0.50 0.26 0.56 0.24 Winter 2.15 1.56 0.46 0.42 4.15 0.28 0.68 1.46 2.45 1.35 0.78 0.35 0.25 0.23 0.35 0.19 0.47 0.24 0.59 0.21 Monsoon 2.13 1.54 0.48 0.47 5.29 0.26 0.66 1.42 2.43 1.37 0.75 0.33 0.28 0.21 0.30 0.21 0.44 0.22 0.61 0.18 N Summer 24.7 29.0 6.38 11.70 5.17 12.14 28.89 36.44 5.19 17.39 10.49 16.67 14.33 33.39 25.13 15.73 9.59 21.80 16.67 18.22 Winter 26.2 25.3 791 14.75 5.29 14.37 31.67 37.26 5.43 21.72 11.57 19.27 16.56 37.22 28.03 16.68 9.60 25.39 19.27 21.07 Monsoon 30.0 24.5 9.64 17.22 5.98 18.46 43.06 42.33 5.57 23.81 12.41 23.64 20.50 43.59 32.00 20.29 9.64 28.47 23.64 24.23 P Summer 2.0 1.5 0.71 0.82 1.82 0.67 0.52 0.97 0.46 0.67 0.58 0.45 3.44 2.15 0.68 0.85 0.33 0.57 0.26 2.15 Winter 1.98 1.2 0.57 0.76 0.89 0.62 0.35 0.85 0.46 0.62 0.53 0.45 4.49 2.13 0.66 0.85 0.21 0.58 0.29 2.20 Monsoon 1.98 1.00 0.65 0.76 0.78 0.65 0.53 1.90 0.50 0.73 0.63 0.49 4.53 2.18 0.65 0.95 0.21 0.63 0.32 2.25 NaSummer 10.3 11.0 7.4 16.1 30.8 23.6 24.3 32.7 15.4 69.8 5.28 10.3 16.1 34.1 18.7 6.34 28.6 37.2 4.25 26.9 Winter 12.5 14.5 9.5 18.4 32.7 24.3 19.8 34.2 16.9 67.7 5.31 10.7 15.5 31.6 15.4 6.98 24.3 35.9 4.30 28.4 Monsoon 15.3 18.0 13.0 21.6 35.9 25.9 20.6 35.4 18.3 63.0 5.53 11.4 14.2 28.5 12.3 7.44 19.2 32.7 4.36 32.2 Summer 33.3 36.4 14.2 15.4 12.25 24.40 31.24 24.7 24.0 5.18 21.82 7.12 5.49 9.89 10.19 19.00 4.90 7.22 13.49 3.29 Winter 32.7 34.7 13.6 14.2 12.48 27.0 36.92 28.2 28.0 5.15 22.61 7.67 5.22 9.84 10.97 19.57 4.85 7.32 13.96 3.52 Monsoon 31.5 32.3 12.4 13.1 12.63 27.45 40.00 31.5 32.0 6.19 23.78 7.82 5.60 9.45 11.35 19.49 4.62 7.43 13.98 3.62 Ca++Summer 18. 19.7 18.8 17.5 15.3 25.0 19.0 16.5 27.0 32.0 35.0 ND 42.0 25.0 35.0 41.7 32.5 43.6 ND 12.3 Winter 15.2 10.5 12.7 15.3 11.3 43.0 27.0 20.0 32.0 39.0 49.0 ND 22.0 15.0 14.0 18.0 21.7 23.5 ND 8.2 Monsoon 15.0 7.8 12.5 16.2 13.2 51.0 20.0 24.3 35.1 45.0 52.0 ND 28.0 17.0 16.0 22.3 21.0 19.2 ND 8.0 Mg++Summer 19.5 15.0 21.0 33.0 39.0 42.0 55.0 35.0 36.0 44.0 27.0 34.0 35.0 51.0 57.0 45.0 39.0 45.2 37.0 ND Winter 23.2 16.5 25.2 28.0 42.0 45.0 58.0 38.0 40.0 49.0 30.0 37.5 40.0 54.0 60.0 46.0 42.0 48.5 39.0 ND Monsoon 28.0 21.0 28.0 25.0 44.4 48.0 61.0 41.0 44.0 54.0 33.0 40.5 45.0 51.0 63.0 45.0 45.5 51.0 39.0 ND All the values expressed in mg/kg. B1: Near District hospital Satna, B2: Near Birla cement plant, B3: Near steel plant Babupur, B4: Madhogarh, near higher secondary school, B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi, B6: Near Jaithwara primary school, B7: Rampur Baghelan, near Hanuman chauk, B8: Near Prism cement plant, B9: Near Hospital and School, Chibaura, B10: Near Maihar, B11: Near Maihar cement plant, B12: Near Dhanera gram panchayat, B13: Near Barhiya primary school, B14: Near Amarpatan, B15: Near Ramnagar Bus stand, B16: Near Unchagra railway station, B17: Near Nagod, B18: Near temple Birsinghpur, B19: Near Majhgawan Bus stand, B20: Near Chitrakoot. Table-5 Seasonal variation of metals concentration in soils collected from Satna District in Vindhya Pradesh HM SEASONS Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 Cr Monsoon 50.8 38.8 74.4 37.2 29.7 17.1 57.3 92.5 54.0 62.0 74.5 42.7 39.2 60.2 47.8 53.5 42.0 39.4 18.2 22.7 Winter 51.2 41.5 75.0 41.5 32.0 17.8 60.0 96.4 55.2 67.3 86.2 39.8 44.5 56.1 39.0 59.4 45.0 41.0 19.0 23.4 Summer 54.6 44.4 76.6 45.0 32.4 19.0 59.0 106.6 55.4 72.8 105 35.6 52 54 35 62.0 56.2 44.2 19.4 23.8 pb Summer 47.2 116 21.6 8.2 35.0 48.6 72.8 45.8 5.2 72.8 32.4 23.4 8.0 20.4 48.6 44.8 45.8 16.5 21.6 5.2 Winter 43.5 104 24.2 14.5 37.5 45.0 68.4 46.4 4.0 68.4 33.2 20.4 10.5 19.6 44.2 39.1 46.2 17.6 23.5 5.0 Monsoon 30.4 90.0 26.4 19.6 40.6 42.3 63.2 47.8 3.7 63.2 35.0 17.5 12.4 16.7 39.7 37.4 48.0 19.2 25.4 4.9 cd Summer 12.4 26.6 12.5 10.8 5.2 2.4 8.7 11.0 6.8 10.4 22.6 0.4 1.2 13.0 8.0 8.2 1.6 0.2 10.0 1.2 Winter 12.4 23.4 13.5 10.0 4.7 2.1 5.1 12.0 7.0 11.0 21.0 0.6 1.0 12.5 8.6 5.4 1.5 0.2 9.3 1.0 Monsoon 11.5 22.3 12.0 8.4 4.1 1.7 4.2 11.5 6.2 7.2 20.3 0.6 ND 12.0 9.4 3.0 0.8 0.2 7.6 1.7 Ni Summer 16.4 35.4 33.0 2.8 8.4 ND 13.4 45.6 0.8 19.0 34.4 7.0 3..4 13.4 22.5 44.6 52.4 6.3 37.5 7.5 Winter 15.2 37.0 29.5 6.0 9.5 ND 16.5 48.0 0.5 26.2 30.0 4.5 3.0 16.5 19.5 40.5 54.2 12.2 40.0 2.5 Monsoon 12.8 38.2 24.2 8.5 13.2 ND 18.7 49.2 0.2 28.5 27.5 3.1 2.8 18.7 15.8 37.2 55.0 15.4 43.5 11.4 G Summer 34.6 58.8 92.6 18.6 80.4 16.8 21.8 27.2 0. 4 91.6 54.4 0.6 1.2 16.0 3.5 22.4 4.0 3.6 28.6 2.6 Winter 32.0 58.0 87.6 20.4 25.8 14.0 19.2 29.0 0.3 84.2 49.2 0.5 1.0 18.1 2.3 18.5 3.5 2.0 27.8 2.0 Monsoon 29.8 56.5 81.4 19.0 21.2 12.4 17.5 28.2 0.2 75.5 43.4 0.4 0.7 9.4 1.6 14.2 2.8 1.2 27.0 1.0 Fe Summer 26.0 33.8 131.6 46.2 18.6 90 67.0 191.2 45.8 61.5 93..3 29.4 18.6 49.7 32.0 75.6 64.0 27.0 73.0 28.8 Winter 23.0 31.0 127 42.3 17.4 72.0 69. 0 180.0 42.3 59.5 91.0 24.0 16.0 47.2 29.0 72.4 61.1 21.0 68.0 26.5 Monsoon 20.0 29.4 125.2 40.1 16.2 67.0 65.0 168.0 57.5 56.2 89.5 19.0 15.8 46.4 25.7 68.5 57.4 15.4 64.0 24.2 All the values are expressed in mg/kg. B1: Near District hospital Satna, B2: Near Birla cement plant, B3: Near steel plant Babupur, B4: Madhogarh, near higher secondary school, B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi, B6: Near Jaithwara primary school, B7: Rampur Baghelan, near Hanuman chauk, B8: Near Prism cement plant, B9: Near Hospital and School, Chibaura, B10: Near Maihar, B11: Near Maihar cement plant, B12: Near Dhanera gram panchayat, B13: Near Barhiya primary school, B14: Near Amarpatan, B15: Near Ramnagar Bus stand, B16: Near Unchagra railway station, B17: Near Nagod, B18: Near temple Birsinghpur, B19: Near Majhgawan Bus stand, B20: Near Chitrakoot. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 56 Table-6 Average Metals concentration in Soils collected from Satna District in Vindhya PradeshMetals Sampling Locations B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14 B15 B16 B17 B18 B19 B20 Cromium SD (+ ) 52.20 41.57 75.33 41.23 31.37 17.97 58.77 98.50 54.87 67.37 88.57 39.37 45.23 56.77 40.60 58.30 47.73 41.53 18.87 23.30 2.09 2.80 1.14 3.91 1.46 0.96 1.37 7.28 0.76 5.40 15.39 3.57 6.43 3.15 6.55 4.36 7.48 2.44 0.61 0.56 Lead SD (+ ) 40.37 103.33 24.07 14.10 37.70 45.30 68.13 46.67 4.30 68.13 33.53 20.43 10.30 18.90 44.17 40.43 46.67 17.77 23.50 5.03 8.83 13.01 2.40 5.71 2.81 3.16 4.81 1.03 0.79 4.81 1.33 2.95 2.21 1.95 4.45 3.88 1.17 1.36 1.90 0.15 Cadmium SD (+ ) 12.10 24.10 12.67 9.73 4.67 2.07 6.00 11.50 6.67 9.53 21.30 0.53 1.10 12.50 8.67 5.53 1.30 0.20 8.97 1.30 0.52 2.23 0.76 1.22 0.55 0.35 2.38 0.50 0.42 2.04 1.18 0.12 0.14 0.50 0.70 2.60 0.44 0.00 1.23 0.36 Nikel SD (+ ) 14.80 36.87 28.90 5.77 10.37 ND 16.20 47.60 0.50 24.57 30.63 4.87 2.90 16.20 19.27 40.77 53.87 11.30 40.33 7.13 1.83 1.40 4.43 2.86 2.51 ND 2.66 1.83 0.30 4.96 3.49 1.98 0.14 2.66 3.36 3.71 1.33 4.62 3.01 4.46 Copper SD (+ ) 32.13 57.77 87.20 19.33 42.47 14.40 19.50 28.13 0.25 83.77 49.00 0.50 0.97 14.50 2.47 18.37 3.43 2.27 27.80 1.87 2.40 1.17 5.61 0.95 32.93 2.23 2.17 0.90 0.07 8.06 5.50 0.10 0.25 4.54 0.96 4.10 0.60 1.22 0.80 0.81 Iron SD (+ ) 23.00 31.40 127.93 42.87 17.40 76.33 66.00 179.73 48.53 59.07 90.25 24.13 16.80 47.77 28.90 72.17 60.83 21.13 68.33 26.50 3.00 2.23 3.30 3.09 1.20 12.10 1.41 11.60 7.96 2.68 1.06 5.20 1.56 1.72 3.15 3.56 3.31 5.80 4.51 2.30 Metal concentrations are expressed in mg/kg. B1: Near District hospital Satna, B2: Near Birla cement plant, B3: Near steel plant Babupur, B4: Madhogarh, near higher secondary school, B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi, B6: Near Jaithwara primary school, B7: Rampur Baghelan, near Hanuman chauk, B8: Near Prism cement plant, B9: Near Hospital and School, Chibaura, B10: Near Maihar, B11: Near Maihar cement plant, B12: Near Dhanera gram panchayat, B13: Near Barhiya primary school, B14: Near Amarpatan, B15: Near Ramnagar Bus stand, B16: Near Unchagra railway station, B17: Near Nagod, B18: Near temple Birsinghpur, B19: Near Majhgawan Bus stand, B20: Near Chitrakoot. Table-7 Standards for Drinking Water and Soil Water Soil Parameter BIS (10500 : 1991) mg/l WHO (1994) mg/l Parameter Soil Quality Guide line level mg/kg Desirable Permissible Excessive Permissible pH - 6.5 8.5 6.5 Turbidity - -- 10 5.0 Temp. - DO 3.0 -- 6.0 4.0 pH - BOD - 2.0 -- 6.0 O.C. - COD - -- -- 10.0 N - Nitrate 100 45 10 10 P - Nitrite - -- 40 10 Na+ 62 Sulphate 1000 -- 400 250 K+ 60 Chloride 1000 250 600 250 Ca++ 250 Phosphate -- -- 0.3 0.1 Mg++ 30 Lead 0.05 No relaxation 0.01 0.05 Lead 140 Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation 0.003 -- Cadmium 10 Nikel -- -- -- 0.02 mg/l. Nikel 50 Iron 0.3 1.0 0.3 -- Iron - Chromium No relaxation 0.05 -- 0.05 Chromium 64 Copper 1.5 0.05 1.00 -- Copper 63 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 57 Figure-3a Metals content in the soils of Satna District International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 58 Figure-3b Metals content in the soils of Satna District International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(11), 46-60, November (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 59 Conclusion Diffuse water pollution is mainly related to the way we use and manage level and soil. It can affect rivers lakes coal ground water. Unlike point source pollution, we cannot easily control diffuse pollution by issuing licenses or permits26. Regulatory approaches have to be more subtle and in many cases need to be well connected to the land use planning systems. The present study reveals that the water samples collected from different location of Satna district. The parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Nitrate, Nitrite, chloride and sulphate were well within the permissible limit, prescribed by WHO. The turbidity of all the water samples within the range of 05 to 10 NTU. The maximum value of turbidity 10 NTU was observed at sampling location of B during the rainy season. The value from all the sampling station within the WHO recommended values (5NTU) except the sampling location of B5 (Kothi region). As for as the phosphates are concerned, maximum concentration of 3.70mg/l was observed in winter season and minimum concentration of 0.01mg/l during the rainy season. The maximum concentration of phosphate (3.70) was recorded at Maihar cement plant (B11). The content of Pb, Cr and Fe in the analyzed water sample more than the permissible limit during all the season, while Ni showed very little seasonal variation and most of the data showed concentration below the permissible limit with slight variation. Copper concentration ranged from 0.01 to 1.20 mg/l and all the results were below the permissible limit set by BIS (1991) as 1.5mg/l. Babupur region of Satna district showed the highest concentration of copper in water. Soil samples collected from 20 different location and analyzed for the chemical properties and heavy metals contents in it. The organic content in these soil are very poor and ranging from 0.17 to 5.29 mg/kg, nitrogen concentration ranging from 5.17 to 43.59 mg/kg and phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.21 to 4.53mg/kg. The content of Pb, Ni and Fe in the analyzed soil samples were below the recommended level, while copper concentration at sampling satation B3, B5 and B10 are higher than the recommended level. 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