International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

The Genus Calotropis: An Overview on Bioactive Principles and their Bioefficacy

Author Affiliations

  • 1Medicinal Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004, Rajasthan, INDIA

Res. J. Recent Sci., Volume 5, Issue (1), Pages 61-70, January,2 (2016)

Abstract

The herbal medicines occupy distinct position right from ancient period. Many higher plants accumulate extractable organic approaches substances in quantities sufficient to be economically management of diseases. The genus Calotropis possesses two species i. e. C. procera and C. gigantea .They contain many phytochemicals with potential pharmacological activities. C. procera has been investigated for many genes such as USBS1450, expansin gene, Usp-like gene and MAPK-like gene. The most important of chemically active constituents of plants are alkaloids, tannin, flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Both species have been known to possess antimicrobial, analgesic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-malarial activity etc. They are also using as a source of methane, through anaerobic fermentation for bio fuel production.

References

  1. Mitchell R.N. and Cotran R.S. (2000)., In: RobinsonsBasic Pathology, 7th Ed, Harcourt Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi,India, 33‐42.
  2. Ramaprabha M. and Vasantha K. (2012)., Phytochemicaland antibacterial activity of Calotropis- procera (Ait.)R.Br. flowers, Int. J. of Pharma and Biosciences, 3(1), 1-6.
  3. Cox P.A. and Balick M.J. (1994)., The ethnobotanicalapproach to drug discovery. Scientific American, 270, 60-65.
  4. Aiyelaagbe O.O. and Osamudiamen M.P. (2009)., Phytochemical screening for active compounds inMangifera indica leaves from Ibadan, Oya State, Plant, Sci. Res., 2(1), 11-13.
  5. Edeoga H.O., Okwu D.E. and Mbaebie B.O. (2005)., Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinalPlants, African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(7), 685-688.
  6. Gamble J.S. (1935)., Flora of the Presidency of Madras,Vol. I, b II, III, Botanical survey of India, Calcutta.,
  7. Rastogi R.P. and Mehrotra B.M. (1991)., In:Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Pbl. CentralDrug Research Institute, Lucknow and Publications andInformation Directorate, N. Delhi, 70-73.
  8. Oudhia P. and Dixit A. (1994). Weed News. 1(2), 19-21.
  9. Oudhia P. (1999a). Int. Rice Res. Notes, 24(1), 40.
  10. Oudhia P. (1999b). Int. Chickpea and PigeonpeaNewslett., 6, 29-33
  11. Oudhia P. Int. Arachis Newslett.,19, 62-64 (1999c)
  12. Oudhia P. (1999d). Rachis, 18(1), 40-41.
  13. Oudhia P. and Tripathi R.S. (1998)., Proc. NationalConference on Health Care and Development of HerbalMedicines, IGAU, Raipur, India 29-30 Aug. 1997. 71-78.
  14. Oudhia P. and Tripathi R.S. (1999). World Weeds, 4,109-119
  15. Caius J.F. (1986)., The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants ofIndia, Scientific Publ., Jodhpur.
  16. Das S., Das M.K. and Basu S.P. (2009)., Evaluation ofanti-inflammatory effect of Calotropis gigantea andTridax procumbens on Wistar albino rats, J. Pharm. Sci.and Res., 1(4), 123–12.
  17. Pathyusha R.J.B. (2012)., Potential of local anestheticactivity of Calotropis procera latex with epinephrine andpH in guinea pig, . http//www.pharmatutor.org/ articles/Pharmatutor-art-1043.
  18. Ashwari K. (2009)., Productivity of Calotropis proceraand its use in renewable Energy, Science Blogging., http://www.scientificblogging.com/humboldt_fellow_and_science /productivity_calotropis_procera_and_its_use_renewable_energy. retrieved on 5/01/2010.
  19. Behera B.K., Arora M. and Sharma D.K. (2000)., Studieson Biotransformation of Calotropis Procera Latex:, ARenewable Source of Petroleum, Value-AddedChemicals, and Products, Energy Sources, 22(9), 781-807.
  20. Rathore M. and Meena R.K. (2010)., Potential of utilizingcalotropis procera flower biomass as a renewable sourceof energy, Journal of Phytology, 2(1), 78–83.
  21. Rahman M.A. and Wilcock C.C. (1991)., A taxonomic revision of Calotropis (Asclepiadaceae)., Nordic Journalof Botany, 11(3), 301-308.
  22. Kumar A. and Kumar V.R. (2002)., Bioenergy potentialof semi-arid regions of Rajasthan., In 12th EuropeanConference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and ClimateProtection, pp. 372- 374, eds. W. Palz, J. Spitzer, K.Maniatis, K. Kwant, P. Helm and A. Grassi (ETAFlorenceand WIPMunich) Germany.
  23. Parrotta J.A. (2001)., Healing plants of Peninsular India., CAB International, Wallingford, UK and New York, 944.
  24. Sharma A.P. and Tripathi B.D. (2009)., Assessment ofatmospheric PAHs profile through Calotropis giganteaR.Br. leaves in the vicinity of an Indian coal-fired powerplant, Environ Monit Assess, 149, 477–482.
  25. Forster P.I. (1992)., A taxonomic account of the genusCalotropis R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in Australia, Nuytsia,8, 201–208.
  26. Gamble J.S. (1923). Asclepias gigantean, L. Sp. Pl. 2,832.
  27. Watkins John V., Sheehan Thomas J. and Black Robert J.(2005)., Florida Landscape Plants: Native and Exotic.University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.,
  28. Sharma B.M. (1968)., Root systems of some desert plants, in Churu, Rajasthan, Indian Forester, 94(3), 240-246.
  29. Carol J.P., Jignesh H.P., Mayuree A.P., Anar J.P. (2012)., A comprehensive review on plant Calotropis gigantea., International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and LifeSciences, 2(2). 463-470.
  30. Sharma P.C., Yelne M.B. and Dennis T.J. (2002)., Database on Medicinal plant used in Ayurveda., CentralCouncil for Research in Ayurveda and siddha, NewDelhi,I, 6-10.
  31. Little E.L., Jr. Woodbury R.O. and Wadsworth F.H.(1974)., Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands..Agriculture Handbook, 449. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washingtion, DC., 2(1), 24.
  32. Pandeya S.C., Chandra A. and Pathak P.S. (2007)., Genetic diversity in some perennial plant species with-inshort distances, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(1),83-86.
  33. Bekhit M.M.M., El-Shawaf I.I.S., Hassan A.M., El-SaiedF.M. and Masoud I.M. (2008)., Genetic distances betweenthree Ushaar (Calotropis procera (Ait) f.) genotypes asmeasured by RAPD and ISSR techniques., The fourthconference of sustainab.
  34. Juncker T., Schumacher M., Dicato M., Diederich M.(2009)., UNBS1450 from Calotropis procera as aregulator of signaling pathways involved in proliferationand cell death, Biochem., Pharmacol. 78, 1-10.
  35. Cheema H.M.N., Bashir A., Khatoon A., Iqbal N., ZafarY., Malik K.A. (2010)., Molecular characterization andtranscriptome profiling of expansin genes isolated fromCalotropis procera fibers., Electron. J. Biotechnol., 13(6),10-11.
  36. Bajwa K.S., Shahid A.A., Rao A.Q., Kiani M.S., AshrafM.A., Dahab A.A., Bakhsh A., Latif A., Khan M.A.U.,Puspito M.A., Aftab A., Bashir A. and Husnain T.(2013)., Expression of Calotropis procera expansin geneCpEXPA3 enhances cotton fibre strength, AJCS, 7(2),206-212.
  37. Shokry A.M., Al-Karim S., Ramadan A., Gadallah N., AlAttas S.G., Sabir J.S.M., Hassan S.M., Madkour M.A.,Bressan R., Mahfouz M., Bahieldin A.,, Detection of aUsp-like gene in Calotropis procera plant from thedenovo assembled genome contigs of the high-throughputsequencing dataset, Molecular biology andgenetics/Biologie et génétique moléculaires (in press).
  38. Ramadan A.M., Shokry A.M., Gadalla N.O.,HassanS.M., Edris S., Al-Kordy M.A., Abuzinadah O.A., SabirJ.S.M., Alakilli S.Y.M., Al-Zahrani, H.S., Hussein R.M.,El-Domyati F.M. and Bahieldin A. (2012)., Detection of aMAPK-Like gene in Calotropis procera plant from thede novo assembled genome contigs of the highthroughput sequencing dataset, Life Science Journal,9(1), 157-166.
  39. Singh A.N., Yadav P. and Dubey V.K. (2013)., cDNACloning and Molecular Modeling of Procerain B, aNovel Cysteine Endopeptidase Isolated from Calotropisprocera, PLoS ONE, 8(3), e59806.
  40. Oseni and Ekperigin (2013)., Partial Characterization ofProteolytic and Milk Clotting Enzymes in Sodom AppleCalotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) Plant,3(2), 256-263.
  41. Heinemann U., Pal G.P., Hilgenfeld R. (1982)., SaengerW., Crystal and molecular structure of the sulfhydrylprotease calotropin DI at 3.2 A resolution, J. Mol., Biol.,161(4), 591-606.
  42. Hemalatha R.G. and Padmini E. (2011)., Predictions forheat shock protein 70 related gene network andmetabolite changes in Calotropis and/or fructose fed rats,International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Reviewand Research, 10(1), 159-164.
  43. Al-Yahya M.A., Al-Meshal I.A., Mossa J.S., Al-BadrA.A. and Tarig M. (1990)., Saudi plants: Aphytochemical and biological approach. Riyadh: KingSaud university press, 31-34.
  44. Mahmood T., Aslam R., Rehman S. and Naqvi S. M.A.S.(2013)., Molecular markers assisted geneticcharacterization of different salt tolerant plant species,The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 23(5), 1441-1447.
  45. Dhivya R. and Manimegalai K. (2013)., In silico Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamicsapplications in the Designing of a New MosquitoRepellent from the Plant Calotropis gigantean Targetingthe Odorant Binding Protein of Culex quinquefasciatus., Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res., 3(2), 134 -138.46. Murti P. and Seshadr T.R. (1945). Chemical compositionof Calotropis gigantean: Part VI. Flowers. A Comparisonof the Composition of the Various Parts of the Plant,Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 304–309.
  46. Seniya C., Trivedia S.S. and Verma S.K. (2011)., Antibacterial efficacy of Calotropis gigantea, J. Chem., Pharm. Res., 3(6), 330-336.
  47. Yoganarasimhan S.N. (1996)., Medicinal Plants of India,Vol. 1, Interline Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. 88.,
  48. Kumar S.S., Sivamani P., Baskaran C. and MohamadM.J. (2012)., Evaluation of antimicrobial activity andphytochemical analysis of organic solvent extracts ofCalotropis gigantean,IOSR, Journal f Pharmacy, 2(3),389-394.
  49. Jaiswal J., Srivastava S., Gautam H. and Sharma S.(2013)., Phytochemical screening of Calotropis gigantean(Madar) seeds extracts, IJPRS, 2(2), 235-238.
  50. Saber A.H., Maharan G.H. and Rizkallah M.M. (1969)., Sterols and pentacyclic triterpenes of alotropis procera,Bull. Fac. Pharm Cairo Univ, 7(1), 91-104.
  51. Saxena V.K. and Saxena Y.P. (1979)., Isolation and studyof triterpenoids from Calotropis procera, J. Res. IndianMed. Yoga Homeopathy, 14, 152-154.
  52. Lal S.D., Kumar P. and Pannu D.S. (1985)., Quercetin-3-rutinoside in Calotropis procera, J. Sci. Res., 7(1), 141-142.
  53. Ansari S.H. and Ali M. (2001)., Norditerpenic ester andpentacyclic triterpenoids from root bark of Calotropisprocera (Ait) R. Br., Pharmazie., 56(2), 175-177.
  54. Akhtar N. and Malik A. (1998)., Proceragenin, anantibacterial cardenolide from Calotropis procera,Phytochemistry, 31(8). 2821-2824.
  55. Swpanali M.G., Patil M.V. and Mahajan R.T. (2012)., Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity ofCalotropis procera root, Int. Res. Phytochem., Pharmacol., 2(3),143-146.
  56. Kitagawa I., Zhang R.S., Park J.D., Baek N.I., Takeda Y.,Yoshikawa M., Shibuya H. (1992)., Indonesian medicinalplants. I. Chemical structures of calotroposides A and B,two new oxypregnane-oligoglycosides from the root ofCalotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae), . Chem. Pharm.Bul., 40, 2007-2013.
  57. Kiuchi F., Fukao Y., Maruyama T., Obata T., Tanaka M.,Sasaki T., Mikage M., Haque M.E., Tsuda Y. (1998)., Cytotoxic principles of a Bangladeshi crude drug, akondmul (roots of Calotropis gigantea L.), . Chem. Pharm.Bull. (Tokyo). 46(3), 528-30.
  58. Balamurugan P., Muralidharan and Selvarajan S. (2009)., Antiepileptic Activity of Poly Herbal Extract from IndianMedicinal Plants, J. Sci. Res., 1(1), 153-159.
  59. Abbas B., El Tayeb A.E. and Sulleiman YR (1992)., Calotropis procera: feed potential for arid zones,Veterinary Record, 131(6), 132.
  60. Lhinhatrakool T. and Sutthivaiyakit S. (2006). 19-Norand18,20-Epoxy-cardenolides from, the Leaves ofCalotropis gigantea, J. Nat. Prod., 69(8),1249-51.
  61. Kishore N. and Chopra A.K. (1997)., Antimicrobialproperties of Calotropis procera Ait., In different seasons:A study in vitro. Biological Memoirs, 23(2), 53-57.
  62. Atef G.H., Elgamal M.H.A., Morsy N.A.M., Duddeck H.,Kovacs J. and Toth G. (1999)., Two cardenolides fromCalotropis procera, J. Magn. Reson. Chem., 17, 754-757.
  63. Abraham K.I. and Joshi P.N. (1979)., Studies onproteinases from Calotropis gigantea latex. I.Purification and some properties of two proteinasescontaining carbohydrate, Biochim Biophys Acta, 568(1),111-119.
  64. harma V. (2001). Dravyaguna Vigyan, ChaukhambalaBharti Academy, Varanasi, 2,435.
  65. Ansari S.H. and Ali M. (1999)., New oleanene triterpenesfrom root bark of Calotropis procera, Medicinal andAromatic Plant, Sci., 21(4), 978-981.
  66. Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D. (1999)., Indian MedicinalPlants, . 2nd Ed, Vol. III, International Book Distributors,Dehradun, 191-192, 420-422, 993-994, 2045-2047.
  67. Begum N., Sharma B. and Pandey R.A. (2010)., Evaluation of insecticidal efficacy of Calotropis proceraLinn., Biokemistri, ., 1(1), 1-6.
  68. Mishra H.P. and Fridowich I. (1972)., The role of superoxide anion in the autooxidation of epinephrine and asimple assay for superoxide dismutase, J. Biol. Chem.247, 3170-3185.
  69. Jain P.K., Kumar N. and Verma R. (1985)., Clinical trialsof Arka Mula Tuvaka, bark of Calotropios procera Ait., (R.Br.) on atisar and Pravihika- A preliminary study, J.research in Aurveda and Siddha, 6, 89-91.
  70. Vohra R. (2004)., Calotropis the medicinal weed. Onlinemedicinal book store, India.,
  71. Anver S. and Alam M.M. (1992)., Effect of late seeddressing on interacting root-knot and reniformnematodes, Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2(1-2),17-20.
  72. Moursey L.E. (1997)., Insecticidal activity of Calotropisprocera extracts on the flesh fly, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis Fallen, Journal of the Egyptian Societyof Parasitology, 27(2)., 505-514.
  73. Khory R.N., Katrak N. and Neeraj N. (1981)., Calotropisgigantea and Calotropis procera., In Materia Medica ofIndia and their Therapeutics, New Delhi, 395–396.
  74. Mann A. and Abalaka M.E. (1997)., The antimicrobialactivity of the leaf extracts of Calotropis procera,Biomedical Letters, 55(219), 205-210.
  75. Morcelle S.R., Caffini N.O. and Priolo N., Proteolytic, properties of Funastrum clausum latex, Fitoterapia,75(5), 480-493.
  76. Agharkar SP (1991)., Medicinal plants of Bombaypresidency. Scientific Publ, ., India. 48-49.
  77. Mukherjee B., Bose S. and Dutta S.K. (2010)., Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation offresh flower extract of Calotropis procera Linn., Int. J. ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 1(2), 182-187.
  78. Ashraful M.A., Rowshanul M.H., Nikkon F., Rahman M.and Karim M.R. (2008)., Antimicrobial activity ofAkanda (Calotropis gigantea L.) on some pathogenicbacteria, Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and IndustrialResearch, 43, 397–404.
  79. Nenaah E.G. and Ahmed M.E. (2011)., Antimicrobialactivity of extracts and latex of Calotropis procera andsynergistic effect with reference antimicrobials, Researchjournal of medicinal plants, 5(6), 706-716.
  80. Goyal M. and Mathur R. (2011)., Antimicrobial Potentialand Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts ofCalotropis procera, International journal of drugdiscovery and herbal research, 1(3), 138-143.
  81. Sheth F.K. and Parabia M.H. (2011)., Ethnobotanicalstudies and validation of lead: a case study on evaluationof Calotropis sp. on dermal fungal infections, Int. J. ofPharm .and Life Sci. (IJPLS). 2(6), 797-800.
  82. Damayanti M., Susheela K. and Sharma G.J. (1996)., Effect of plant extracts and systemic fungicide on thepineapple fruit-rotting fungus, Ceratocystis paradoxa,Cytobios. 86, (346). 155-65.
  83. Locher C.P., Burch M.T., Mower H.F., Berestecky J.,Davis H., Van Poel B., Lasure A., Vanden Berghe D.A.and Vlietinck A.J. (1995)., Antimicrobial activity andanticomplement activity of extracts obtained fromselected Hawaiian medicinal plants, Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 49, 23–32.
  84. Iqbal Z., Lateef M. and Jabbar A. (2005). Muhammad G.and Khan M.N., Anthelmintic activity of Calotropisprocera (Ait.) Ait. F., Flowers in sheep, Journal ofEthnopharmacology, 102, 256–261.
  85. Singh V.P., Sharma S.K. and Khare V.S. (1980)., Medicinal plants from Ujjain district, madhya pradeshPart II, Indian Drugs Pharm. Ind., 15(5), 7-12.
  86. Alam P. and Ali Mohd (2009)., Phytochemicalinvestigation of Calotropis procer roots, Indian Journalof Chemistry, 48B(3), 443-446.
  87. Larhsini M., Bousad M., Lazrek H.B., Jana M. andAmarouch H. (1997)., Evaluation of antifungal andmolluscicidal properties of extracts of Calotropisprocera, Fitoterapia, 68, 371-373.
  88. Kanimozhi D., Rathabai V. and Baskaran C. et al. (2012)., Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica, .International Journal of Research in Pharmacy andScience, 2(1), 130-138.
  89. Samvatsar S., Diwanji V.B. (2000)., Plant sources for thetreatment of jaundice in the tribals of Western MadhyaPradesh of India, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 73,313-316.
  90. Raghubir R., Rasik M. and Gupta A.J. (1999)., Healingpotential of Calotropis procera on dermal wounds inguinea pigs, J. Ethnopharmacol., 68, 261-266.
  91. Samar K.B., Arup B., Ayan M. and Prashant S. (2009)., Ocular toxicity by latex of Calotropis procera, IndianJournal of Ophthalmology, 57, 232-234.
  92. Cowan M.M. (1999)., Plants products antimicrobialagents. Clin. Microbial., Rev., 14, 564‐584.
  93. Blair T.S. (1907)., A Practitioner,
  94. Ghosh N.C. (1988)., Comparative Materia Medica., Hannemann Publ. Co. Pvt. Ltd. Colicata, India.
  95. Jayaweera D.M.A. (1982)., Medicinal Plants (Indigenousand Exotic) Used in Ceylon, Vol. I-V, National ScienceCouncil of Sri Lanka, Colombo.
  96. Nadkarni K.M. (1976)., Indian Materia Medica, PopularPrakashan Pvt. Ltd., 3rd revised and enlarged edition,vol. 1, Mumbai, 237-246.
  97. Patel N.K. and Patel K.B. (2004)., Study of abortifacientplants used by Adivasi of Ambaji area in Danta taluka,Advances in Plant Sciences, 17(1), 37–40.
  98. Pathak A.K. and Argal A. (2007)., Analgesic activity ofCalotropis gigantea flower, Fitoterapia, 78, 40–2.
  99. Ahamed M., Rana A.C. and Dixit V.K. (2005)., PlantReview Calotropis species (Ascelpediaceae):, Acomprehensive review, Pharmacognosy Magazine, 2,48–52.
  100. Choedon T., Mathan G., Arya S., Kumar V.L. and KumarV. (2006)., Anticancer and cytotoxic properties of thelatex of Calotropis procera in a transgenic mouse modelof hepatocellular carcinoma, World J. Gastroenterol., 12, 2517–2522.
  101. Roy S., Uddin M.Z., Hassan A. and Rahman M.M.(2008)., Medico-Botanical report on the Chakmacommunity of Bangladesh, J. Plant taxon., 15(1), 67–72.
  102. Saxena H.O. (1986)., Observations on the ethnobotany ofMadhya Pradesh, Bulletin of Botanical Survey of India,28, 149–156.
  103. Saha J.C., Savani E.C. and Kasinathan S. (1961)., Ecbolicproperties of Indian medicinal plants., Part 1, Indian J.Med. Res. 49, 130-151.
  104. Hutt M.J. and Houghton P.J. (1998)., A survey from theliterature of plants used to treat scorpion stings, Journalof Ethnopharmacology, 60, 97–110.
  105. Rama A.A.B. and Pathak A.K. (2006)., CNS activity ofCalotropis gigantea roots, J. Ethnopharmacol., 106(1),142-145.
  106. Kirtikar K.R. and Basu B.D. (1975)., Indian MedicinalPlants, Vol.2. International Book Distributors, Dehradun,1606–1609.
  107. Oliveira S., Bezerra D.P., Freitas C.D.T., Marinho-FilhoJ.D.B., Moraes O.M., Pessoa C., Costa-Lotufo L.V. andRamos M.V. (2007)., In vitro cytotoxicity againstdifferent human cancer cell lines of laticifer proteins ofCalotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br., Toxicology In Vitro, 21,1563–1573.
  108. Ayoub S.M.H. and Kingston D.G. (1981)., Screening ofplants used in Sudan folk medicine for anticanceractivity, Fitoterapia, 52, 281–284.
  109. Kupchan S.M., Knox J.R., Kelsey J.E. and RenauldJ.A.S. (1964)., Calotropin, a cytotoxic principle isolatedfrom Asclepias curassavica L.,Science, 146, 1685–1686.
  110. Chitme H.R., Chandra R. and Kaushik S. (2004)., Studieson anti-diarrhoeal activity of Calotropis gigantea R.Br.in experimental animals, J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci .,7(1), 70-75.
  111. Pratap B., Kumar R., Tiwari D., Yadav S. and Singh S.(2010)., Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal property of thehydroalcoholic extract of roots of Calotropis giganteaR.Br. on Caster induced diarrhoea in rats, Der PharmaciaLettre, 2(3), 309-314.
  112. Nalwaya N., Pokharna G., Deb L. and Jain N.K. (2009)., Wound healing activity of latex of Calotropis gigantea.Int. J. of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1),176-181.
  113. Adak M. and Gupta J.K. (2006)., Evaluation of antiinflammatoryactivity of Calotropis gigantea(AKANDA) in various biological system, Nepal Med.Coll. J., 8(3), 156-161.
  114. Basu A. and Nag Chaudhuri A.K. (1991)., Preliminarystudies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activitiesof Calotropis procera root extract, J.Ethnopharmacology, 31(3), 319-324.
  115. Basu A., Sen T., Pal S. and Muscalo N. (1997)., CapassoF. and Choudhuri A.K.N., Studies on antiulcer activity ofthe chloroform fraction of Calotropis procera rootextract, Phytother. Res., 11(1), 163-164.
  116. Van Quaquebeke E., Simon G. and Andre A. et al.(2005)., Identification of a novel cardenolides (2-oxovoruscharin) from Calotropis procera and the hemisynthesis of novel derivatives displaying potent in vitroantitumor activities and high in vivo tolerance, structureactivityrelationship analyses, J. Med. Chem., 48, 849–856.
  117. Bhagat M., Arora J.S. and Saxena A.K. (2010)., In vitrocytotoxicity of extracts and fractions of Calotropisprocera (Ait.) roots against human cancer cell line., International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 36-40.
  118. Chitme H.R., Chandra R. and Kaushik S. (2005)., Evaluation of antipyretic activity of Calotropis gigantea(Asclepiadaceae) in experimental animals, PhytotherapyResearch, 19(5), 454-6.
  119. Srivastava S.R., Keshri G., Bhargavan B., Singh C. andSingh M.M. (2007)., Pregnancy interceptive activity ofthe roots of Calotropis gigantea Linn. in rats.Contraception, 75, 318–322.
  120. Qureshi M.A. and Qureshi N.M. (1991)., A study on theantisperm activity in extracts from different parts ofCalotropis procera, Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 23(2),161-166.
  121. Rajesh R., Raghavendra G.C.D., Nataraju A.,Dhananjaya B.L., Kemparaju K. and Vishwanath B.S.(2005)., Procoagulant activity of Calotropis giganteanlatex associated with fibrin (ogen) olytic activity,Toxicon, 46, 84–92.
  122. Kapur S.K. and Sarin Y.K. (1984)., Medico-botanicalsurvey of medicinal and aromatic plants of Katra valley(J.K. State)., India, Indian Drugs, 22(1), 4-10.
  123. Yesmin M.N., Sarder N.U., Sanzida M. and MuhammadAli A. (2008)., Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities ofCalotropis proceraLinn., American-Eurasian J. Agric., and Environ. Sci., 4(5), 550-553.
  124. Usmani S. and Kushwaha P.A. (2010)., Study OnHepatoprotective Activity of Calotropis Gigantea LeavesExtract, International Journal of Pharmacy andPharmaceutical Sciences, 2(3).
  125. Majumdar P.K. and Kumar V.L. (1997)., Antiinflammatory activity of fractions of latex ofCalotropis procera in carrageenan induced rat Pawoedema, Phytother. Res. 11(2), 166-167.
  126. Basu A. and Sen T. (1992)., Hepatoprotective effects ofCalotropis procera root extract on experimental liver damage in animals, Fitoterapia, 63(6), 507-514.
  127. Kumar V.L. and Roy S. (2007)., Calotropis procera latexextract affords protection against inflammation andoxidative stress in Freund’s complete adjuvant-inducedmonoarthritis in Rats, Mediators Inflamm., 1, 1-7.
  128. Mitra A., Chakrabortyd S., Auddyd B., Tripathia P., SenbS., Sahac A.V. and Mukherjee B. (2002)., Evaluation ofchemical constituents and free-radical scavenging activityof Swarnabhasma (gold ash), . an ayurvedic drug, Journalof Ethnopharmacology, 80(2–3), 147–153.
  129. Rastogi R.P. and Mehrotra B.N. (1993)., Compendium ofIndian Medicinal Plants. Lucknow, : CDRI, 2, 174-551.
  130. Setty S.R., Quereshi A.A., Swamy A.H., Patil T. andPrakash T. (2007)., Hepatoprotective activity ofCalotropis procera flowers against paracetamol-inducedhepatic injury in rats, Fitoterapia , 78(7-8), 451-454.
  131. Warrier P.K., Nambiar V.P.K. and Mankutty C. (1994).I, ndian medicinal plants, orient lonman, ; Chennai, India,341-345.
  132. Habib M.R. and Karim M.R. (2012)., Antitumourevalution of di-(2- ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) isolatedfrom Calotropis gigantea L. Flower, Acta Pharm, 62,607-615.
  133. Argal A. and Diwivedi A. (2010)., Evaluation ofHepatoprotective Activity of Calotropis gigantea R.Br.Flowers., Ethnobotanical leaflets, 14, 427–34.
  134. Joshi H., Gururaja M. P. and Suares D. (2011)., undefined, undefined
  135. Calotropis gigantea R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) a review., Int.J. of Pharmaceutials Res., 3(1), 10-14., undefined