Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _____ _________________________ ______ ____ ___ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 85 Effect of the Kossodo Industrial Wastewater Discharges on the Physico Chemical Quality of Massili River in BURKINA FASO Haro M. 1 , Guiguemde I. 1,2 , Diendere F. 2 , Bani I. 1 , Kone M. 3 , Soubeiga M. 1 , Diarra J. 4 and Bary A. 2 1 Centre d’Etude pour la Promotion, l’Aménagement et la Protection de l’Environnement (CEPAPE), 03 BP 7021 Université de Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO 2 Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, de Radiochimie et d’Electrochimie (LACARE), UFR/SEA, 03 BP 7021 Université de Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO 3 Ins titut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Technologiq ues (CNRST), 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, BURKINA FASO 4 Service Qualité - Eau de l’Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (ON EA), 01 BP 170 Ouagadougou 01, BURKINA FASO Available online at: www.isca.in Received 30 th December 201 2 , revised 12 th January 201 3 , accepted 20 th January 201 3 Abstract Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso, includes w ithin its industrial zone Kossodo Brewery, a Slaughter house, a Tannery and other small industrial units such as those of soaps. All these factories discharge their wastewater into the river Massil i which is tributary of Nakambé, one of the major rivers of Burkina Faso. Previous studies have shown that Massili was polluted due to industrial and domestic activities and that this had an impact on the aquatic life of the streams (dead fish) ; water drilling for drinking water along the Massili were similarly po lluted by heavy metals from waste of the industrial zone of Ouagadougou. In view of all these pollution problems posed by wastewater on streams, it is important today to know the current state of the physicochemical quality of the effluents from the indust rial zone of Kossodo that flow in the basin of the Massili. This is the objective of this study. We therefore took samples from ten (10) different locations along the pipeline of the wastewater discharges into the Massili. The following parameters were ana lyzed: BOD 5 , COD, nitrates, orthophosphates, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature and SPM. The results of our analyses show that SPM, BOD 5 , COD, dissolved oxygen and orthophosphates have values above the required standards, so the i ndustrial waste pollute the Massili streams. Keywords: Pollution , problems , industrial , domestic , activities , Nakambe. Introduction Burkina Faso is a Sahelian country situated in the heart of West Africa, covering an area of 273 187 km 2 , with a pop ulation of 13.4 million and an average density of 48 inhabitants per km 2 . Ouagadougou the capital city located in the province of Kadiogo, has an estimated population of 1,676,565 inhabitants 1 . The population growth, urban development and certain industrie s contribute to the emergence of problems of water pollution and public health 2 . The issue of preservation of water resources and their quality as well as the protection of wetlands cannot be overlooked 3,4 . The population explosion is always accompanied by a high need for water and huge discharges of liquid effluents 5 . The amount of domestic and industrial liquid waste in most cities in developing countries nowadays raises a serious problem of pollution of watercourses 6 . As such, the Massili tributary of Na kambé (ex. White Volta) is the main river that receives the majority of both domestic and industrial wastewater treated and untreated from Ouagadougou. Previous studies showed that the Massili was polluted due to industrial and domestic activities and this pollution had an impact on the aquatic life of streams (dead fish reported) as well as water boreholes drilled for water supply along the watercourse 7,8,9 . The water in Massili was polluted by heavy metals from waste of the industrial zone. In fact, most industries are poorly equipped for the treatment of effluents and for the physicochemical analysis of discharges into the natural environment. The impact of industrial development on water quality and soil is therefore a new threat to the environment and f uture water uses. In Ouagadougou, the industrial zone is located in Kossodo and includes, in addition to major industries such as the Brewery, Slaughterhouse and Tannery, small industrial units like those for making soaps. In view of all these pollution pr oblems posed by the wastewater streams, it is important today to know the physicochemical state of the effluents from the industrial zone of Kossodo which flow into the basin of the Massili. This has led to the present study aimed at determining the curren t physicochemical quality of wastewater of the industrial zone of Kossodo flowing into the river Massili. Material and Methods Sampling: Ten (10) sampling points (PP) shown on the map in the figure - 10 in annex were selected along the streams of the wast ewater discharges into the Massili. These are: PP1: output Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _ _ ___________________ ____________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 86 of the tannery (Tan Aliz Company) wastewater; PP2: meeting point of the tannery wastewater with wastewater from other industrial units of Kossodo (except for the Brewery Brakina and the Slaughterh ouse); PP3 and PP4: on the water pipe leading to the meeting point of the wastewater and the Massili; PP5: meeting point between industrial wastewater and Massili; PP6 and PP7: water channeled to market gardening; PP8, PP10 and PP9: water of the Massili f rom the National Park Bangr - Weogo. The samples are taken in polyethylene 1 liter bottles. The samples were stored in a cooler with ice and transported to the laboratory for analysis. Table - 1 in annex gives the details on the sampling sites. Methods of ana lysis of the different parameters: For this study, there was no in situ measurement. The following parameters were considered. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ): BOD 5 values were obtained by the respirometric method with thermoregulatory equipment "Lo vibond OxiDirect." The chemical oxygen demand (COD): it was determined by the traditional method in feroïne. Organic materials contained in the water are oxidized by an excess of potassium dichromate in an acidic medium and in the presence of mercury sulf ate. The excess potassium dichromate was determined by titration with iron sulfate and ammonium sulfate 10 . Orthophosphates: the determination of orthophosphates was done by spectrometry with MULTI TESTS ORCHI - 1. The blue ammonium paramolybdate with antimon y and potassium tartrate in acid medium was used. Nitrates: spectrometric method with MULTI TESTS ORCHI - 1 was used for the determination. Suspended Matter (SPM): SPM determination was made by filtration and drying in an oven at 105°C for 4 hours. The princ iple and method are described in the French standard NF 90 - 105. The conductivity, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature were determined using the HQ40d unit equipped with digital sensors IntelliCAL TM . Results and Discussion The table - 2 in annex present s the results of the different parameters analyzed and standards of wastewater discharges into surface waters 11 . We interpret below parameter by parameter, after plotting the data representing the changing values of these parameters depending on the loc ation of sampling in figure - 1 to figure - 9. The temperature: Figure - 1 in annex shows the evolution of the temperature as a function of sampling sites. The measurements carried out in May between 9 am and 1 pm gave values between 29.5°C and 36°C. These r esults meet the standard temperature which is between 18 and 40°C 5 . However, the values are higher than those by other authors in previous work ( between 27.50°C and 33.50°C during the period from July to August) 8 . This difference can be explained by th e measurement period. The temperature is a parameter that influences other such as dissolved oxygen, pH and density of the water. This is an important ecological parameter because its elevation may cause the death of some aquatic species such as fish. Table - 1 GPS of collection sites and dates of sampling Sampling site GPS Date of sampling PP1 N 12°24'53.5" 05/28/2012 W001°28'35.7" PP2 N12°24'51.3" 05/28/2012 W001°28'38.1" PP3 N 12°24'50" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'37.5" PP4 N 12°24'37.6" 05/28/201 2 W 001°28'28.5" PP5 N 12°24'33.8" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'26.1" PP6 N 12°24'36.8" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'24.6" PP7 N 12°24'35.7" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'22.3" PP8 N 12°24'39" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'18" PP9 N 12°24'31.2" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'31.9" PP10 N 12°24'31.2" 05/28/2012 W 001°28'31.3" Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _ _ ___________________ ____________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 87 Table - 2 Results of analyses PP1 PP2 PP3 PP4 PP5 PP6 PP7 PP8 PP9 PP10 Standards Temperature (°C) 29.8 30.2 30.8 32.2 32.6 33.5 34.1 36 35.5 34.7 18 - 40 pH 7.93 7.74 7.85 8.41 8.15 9.11 8.4 9 8.7 7.84 6.4 - 1 0.5 Conductivity (µS/cm) 8190 8860 8320 4900 5760 735 6190 737 728 420 - Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 0.53 0.53 1.05 0.78 0.91 11.2 0.49 7.9 8.39 5.92 - Nitrates (mg/l) 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 50 Ortho - phosphates (mg/l) 5.5 6.8 6.4 4 4.5 0.1 4.3 0 0.1 0.4 5 CO D (mg/l) 980 1660 - 1120 1070 90 980 - - 30 150 BOD5 (mg/l) 225 806 298 573 454 93 436 195 190 199 40 SPM (mg/l) 450 420 1040 210 240 70 110 100 90 40 200 Figure - 1 Evolution of temperature along the sampling points Sampling points Figure - 2 pH cha nges along the sampling points Figure - 3 Evolution of the conductivity along the sampling points Figure - 4 Evolution of the dissolved oxygen along the sampling points Figure - 5 Evolution of the suspended matter (SPM) along the sampling points Figure - 6 Evolution of the orthophosphates along the sampling points Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _ _ ___________________ ____________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 88 Figure - 7 Evolution of the nitrates along the sampling points Figure - 8 Evolution of the COD along the sampling points Figure - 9 Evolution of the BOD 5 along the sampling points Changes in p H: The pH of the different samples is between 7.74 and 9.11 in the figure - 2 in annex. It meets the discharge standards of 6.4 to 10.5 in Burkina Faso 5 . All values are greater than 7, implying that all of the samples analyzed are basic. According to formerl y authors, Massili pH was between 6.7 and 8.7 and complies with Burkina Faso standards 7,8,11 . Indeed, this basic form is due to effluents from products (KOH, NaOH) used in some industrial units such as soap manufacturing and also in tanneries. In addition, water from the National Park Bangr - Weogo (PP8, PP9 and PP10) which is downstream of the outfall of the effluent from the industrial zone in Kossodo is also basic. Figu Figure - 10 Map of the zone of study Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _ _ ___________________ ____________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 89 It therefore appears that the effluents of the industrial zone are not solely responsible for the alkalinity of the water in Massili. Since the pH influences the chemical reactivity of some substances and may have a direct impact on their toxicity, the alkalinity of the water may affe ct not only aquatic species but also surrounding populations. Evolution of the conductivity: Conductivity is a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct an electric current; it is an indirect measurement of the content of ions in the water. The mor e water conducts electrical current, the higher the measured conductivity and this shows indirectly that the content of ions (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , HCO 3 - , Cl - , SO 4 2 - ) in the water is high. The results of our analyses in the figure - 3 in annex show values between 420µS/cm and 8860 µS/cm. This conductivity is high for effluents from the industrial zone Kossodo (PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4). The same observations are made at sampling points PP5 and PP7 which are respectively the meeting point between industrial w astewater and the Massili and a point downstream corresponding to water channeled for market gardening. However, the values of the conductivity of the water from Bangr - Weogo at PP8, PP9 and PP10 located upstream of the meeting point between the industria l wastewater and Massili are relatively low. One observes from figure 1 and 2 that the conductivity correlates well with the pH at these sites; the higher the pH, the lower the conductivity and this may indicate that most of these ions form precipitates in basic medium in the presence of OH - and CO 3 2 - . Although our studies did not aim the determination of chromium ions, previous works revealed relatively high content of chromium in Massili caused by the extensive use of its salts by the Tannery 2 . The high c onductivity of the effluent from the industrial zone Kossodo is due to the use of chemicals that impact on the conductivity of Massili. Evolution of dissolved oxygen: Dissolved oxygen is an important ecological parameter because its presence allows breat hing of living organisms in water. Water is qualified polluted if it has a dissolved oxygen content of less than 3 mg/l 12 . The results of our analyses in the figure - 4 in annex give valu es between 0.53 and 11.2 mg/l. It was found that the content is less than 1 mg/l, not only for the industrial effluents (PP1, PP2, PP4), but also for the meeting point between the industrial wastewater and Massili (PP5). However, for water from the Natio nal Park Bangr - Weogo, dissolved oxygen content is relatively high (� 5mg/l at PP8, PP9 and PP10). This shows that the effluent from the industrial zone is polluted and the pollution affects the water in Massili. Previous work also showed values well belo w the accepted standard (5 ppm instead of a minimum of 80 ppm) 11,13 . Work on Massili, done upstream and downstream of the dam of Loumbila showed that dissolved oxygen was higher upstream than downstream, but values did not meet the standard allowed 11,14 . T hese findings were explained by the fact that upstream, the gardeners were using motor pumps and sprinklers above the dam to collect water, which disturbed the water and facilitated its oxygenation, unlike downstream sites where water was calmer. Suspende d Matter (SPM): The figure 5 in annex shows the evolution of SPM with sampling points. The results of our analyses give values of SPM between 40 and 1040 mg/l. This allows us to see that the levels of SPM effluent from the industrial zone (PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4) are higher than the standard set (200 mg/l) 11 . In effect, the level of SPM is below the standard for the water coming from the Park Bangr - Wéogo (PP8, PP9 and PP10). This high content of suspended industrial effluents higher than the accepted stand ard prevents the dissolution of oxygen as attested by the low dissolved oxygen concentration at these sites and affects the quality of water in Massili. Content of orthophosphates: Orthophosphates PO 4 3 - are contained in natural phosphate minerals. Their p resence in water has a beneficial effect on the flora and fauna as being a nutrient salt. However, in its excess water content (� 5 mg/l), it is responsible for the acceleration of eutrophication in surface waters. Indeed, the algae use inorganic phosphoru s directly by absorbing or degrading various organic phosphates and eventually proliferate in waters just because some mg/l of phosphorus ensures intense photosynthetic activity 13,15 . The figure - 6 in annex shows the evolution of orthophosphates with samp ling points. The results of our analyses provide values between 0 and 6.8 mg/l. In addition, we find that the effluents from the industrial zone of Kossodo contain a relatively high amount (PP1, PP2, PP3) compared to that in the water from the National Park Bangr - Weogo (PP8, PP9 and PP10). The observed data comply however with the norms in Burkina Faso, except those at the sampling points PP1, PP2 and PP3. These results are consistent with those of previous work who found that the concentrations of ma jor mineral elements were within the required standards 7,11 . Content of nitrates: Figure - 7 in annex shows the evolution of nitrates NO 3 - with sampling points. Our data reveals that except at sampling point PP5 where the concentration is 1 mg/l, none of o ur samples contains nitrates. Nevertheless all values meet the current standard 50 mg/l 11 . Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD is the oxygen consumption by strong chemical oxidants to oxidize organic and mineral substances in water. It allows for assessmen t of the pollution load of wastewater, including pollution by undesirable organic compounds. COD is one of the main measures for effluent discharge standards. It is normally measured in treatment facilities of industrial and municipal wastewater and it pro vides an indication of the effectiveness of the treatment process. For this study, it is clear from our analysis in figure - 8 in annex that the COD of effluents from the industrial zone of Kossodo (PP1, PP2 and PP4) is well above the standard set which is 150 mg/l 11 . This content reveals the great amount of matter channeled by the industrial effluents in Massili that can be Research Journal of Chemical Sciences ___ _ _ ___________________ ____________ ______________ _ ________ ISSN 22 31 - 606X Vol. 3 ( 2 ), 85 - 91 , February (201 3 ) Res. J. Chem. Sci. International Science Congress Association 90 oxidized. This is justified by the fact that the content of the COD of the water from the Park Bangr - Weogo (PP10) is low (30 mg/l) com pared to that at the meeting point of industrial wastewater and Massili (PP5) which is 1070 mg/l. These results are consistent with those of previous work which revealed that the stations downstream of the affluent from Ouagadougou have a higher pollution with v alues for COD above 100 mg/l 9 . However, we must recognize that our data (sampling done in may) are higher than others sampling done in july - august obtained by others authors 9 . This could be explained by the difference in sampling periods because it ha s an influence on the COD value 14 . Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ): BOD is the amount of oxygen that a sample of wastewater must provide to transform by biochemical oxidation (bacterial oxidation), biodegradable organic matter. Digestion time used is 5 days hence the name BOD 5 . Therefore, it is an indirect indication of bacterial activity of purification expressed in milligrams of oxygen per liter of effluent and is calculated by the difference between the measurement of oxygen content in the effluent at time 0 and that after 5 days of digestion. The biodegradability of effluent is appreciated by the ratio DCO/DBO 5 : if less than 2, it is readily biodegradable; between 2 and 3, it is biodegradable; greater than 3, the effluent is found not biodegradable. The results shown in figure - 9 in annex indicate that the values of BOD 5 of all our samples are well above the standard set (40 mg/l) 11 . Moreover, the content of BOD 5 of the effluent from the industrial zone (PP1, PP2, PP3 and PP4) is very high compared to water from the park Bangr - Weogo. Our results in table 2 show that the ratio DCO/DBO 5 at the sampling sites PP2, PP4, PP5 and PP6 is between 2 and 3 and this is an indication that the effluents at these sites are biodegradable. However at PP1 which is at the outlet of the Tannery, the effluent is not biodegradable, the ratio being greater than 3. So there is pollution on each side of the meeting point Massili - industrial effluent (PP5). Conclusion In most cities in developing countries, industrial units or municipalities discharge without adequate tr eatment their wastewater into surface water bodies. Therefore, with the increase in activities related to population growth and urban industry, the quality of surface water began to fall rapidly and has become an environmental problem size. The case of the river Massili in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, is a good example. Indeed, Massili is the stream that receives all the wastewater from the industrial zone of Kossodo. Our study was to determine the state of pollution of its waters. The results show that some physicochemical parameters such as SPM, BOD 5 , COD, dissolved oxygen and orthophosphates concentrations were above the required standard. This is not without consequences on the health of fish, wildlife and populations of the villages along the river tempor arily. Prospect: Studies should be done to complete our sampling with work over several months to take into account the effects of seasonal variation. Similarly, others parameters such as hardness, chlorophyll "a" and heavy metals should be taken into acc ount in future analyses. Recommendations: i. To improve the quality of effluent from the industrial zone of Kossodo, we recommend the authorities of the factories to install ponds for water treatment before its release into the wild. ii. Similarly, polit ical will must force these plants to adequately treat their wastewater before discharging in nature; otherwise, the environment is polluted and people are prone to diseases related to these pollution. References 1. INSD , General census of the population of Burkina Faso, the Ministry of Economy and Finance, National Institute of Statistics and Demography, Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO, ( 2006 ) 2. Aremu M.O., Gav B.L., Opaluwa O.D., Atolaiye B.O., Madu P.C. and Sangari D.U., Assessment of physicochemical contaminants in waters and fishes from selected rivers in Nasarawa State, NIGERIA, Res.J.Chem.Sci, 1(4), 6 - 17 ( 2011 ) 3. Shama S., Iffat N., Mohammad I. 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