@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Enzyme - Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa) of Aflatoxin B1 in Groundnut and Cereal Grains in Lagos, Nigeria<#LINE#>O.O.@Ayejuyo,R.A.@Olowu,T.O.@Agbaje,Atamenwan@M.,M.O.@Osundiya<#LINE#>1-5<#LINE#>01-ISCA-RJCS-2011-86.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, University of Lagos, Akoka, NIGERIA @ Chemistry Department, Lagos State University Ojo, Lagos, NIGERIA<#LINE#>23/5/2011<#LINE#>23/9/2011<#LINE#> Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to assess the levels of aflatoxin B1 in groundnut and cereal grains commonly consumed by wide majority of Nigeria populace. Homogenous samples purchased from different markets in Lagos were extracted with 70% (v/v) methanol. The extracted samples and HRD-conjugated aflatoxin B1 were mixed and added to the antibody coated microwell. On removal of non-specific reactants, TMB substrate was added and the microwells measured optically by microplate reader at 450nm. The results showed that aflatoxin contents of groundnut ranged from 6.25 ng/g to 7.80 ng/g. The levels of this substance were 4.18 ng/g and 28.50 ng/g in millet samples. The maize samples contained between 2.51 ng/g and 3.94 ng/g aflatoxin as against the 5.20 ng/g found in sorghum. About fifty one percent aflatoxin incidence was found in the 99 samples investigated. With a safe limit of 20 ng/g set by food and drug administration agency, only the millet samples would prove toxic to the consumers of these products. <#LINE#> @ @ Chun H.S., Kim H.J., Ok. H.E., Hwang J. and Chung, D., Determination of aflatoxin levels in nuts and their products consumed in South Korea, Food Chemistry,102, 385-391 (2007) @No $ @ @ Hall A.J. and Wild C. P., Liver cancer in low and middle income countries; prevention should target vaccination, contaminated needles and aflatoxins, Br. Med. J., 326, 994-995 (2003) @No $ @ @ Kankar A., A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Sarab city of Iran, Food Control,16, 593-599  (2005) @No $ @ @ CAST (Council for Agricultural Science and Technology), Mycotoxins: risks in plant, animal and human systems, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, Task Force Rep., 139, (2003) @No $ @ @ Chiavaro E., Asta C.D., Galaverna G., Biancardi, A., Gambarelli E., Dossena A. and Marchelli R., New reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method to detect aflatoxins in food and feed with cyclodextrins as fluorescence enhancers added to the eluent, J. Chromatogr. A, 937, 31–40 (2001) @No $ @ @ IARC, IARC Monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans, Vol. 56, Toxins derived from F. moniliform: Fumonisins B1 and B2 and fusarin C: In some naturally occurring substances: Food items and constituents, heterocyclic aromatic amines and mycotoxins. IARC Press, Lyons, pp. 445-466 1993) @No $ @ @ Bankole S.A. and O.O. Mabekoje, Occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins in preharvest maize from south western Nigeria, Food Addit. Contam., 21, 251-255 (2004) @No $ @ @ Kew M.C., Synergistic interaction between aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus in hepatocarcinogenesis. Liver Int., 23, 405409 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hussein H.S., and Brasel J.M.. Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals, Toxicology, 167, 101–134 (2001) @No $ @ @ Galvano F., Ritieni A., Piva G. and Pietri. A., Mycotoxins in the human food chain. In: Mycotoxin Blue Book (D. Diaz, ed). Nottingham University Press, London, 187-224 (2005) @No $ @ @ Jonsyn–Ellis, F.E., Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin in sera samples of School children, J. of Nutri. and Environ Medicine. 16) 52-58 (2007) @No $ @ @ Abdulrazzaq Y.M., Osman N., Yousif Z.M. and Al- Falahi S., Aflatoxin M1 in breast-milk of UAE women, Ann. Trop. Paediatr.,23, 173-179 (2003) @No $ @ @ el-Nezami H.S., Nicoletti G., Neal G.E., Donohue D.C. and Ahokas J.T., Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk samples from Victoria, Australia and Thailand, Food Chem. Toxicol., 33, 173-179 (1995) @No $ @ @ Craufurd P.Q., Prasad P.V.V., Waliyar F. and Taheri. A., Drought, pod, pre-harvest Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination on peanut in Niger, Field Crop Research,98, 20-29 (2006) @No $ @ @ Gupta A. and Gopal M., Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus isolates pathogenic to coconut insect pests, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 18, 325–331 2002) @No $ @ @ Ayejuyo O.O., Williams A.B. and Imafidon T.F. Ocratoxin, A burdens in Rice from Lagos Markets, Nigeria, J of Environ. Sci. Technol., 1(2) 80-84 (2008) @No $ @ @ Chiou, C.H., Miller, M., Wilson, D.L.,Trail, F., Linz, J.E.. Chromosomal location plays a role in regulation of aflatoxin gene expression in Aspergillus parasiticus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 306-315 (2002) @No $ @ @ Roze L.V., Calvo A.M., Gunterus A., Beaudry R., Kall M., Linz J.E., Ethylene modulates development and toxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus possibly via an ethylene sensor-mediated signalling pathway, J. Food Protection,67, 438-447 (2004) @No $ @ @ Gunterus A., Roze L.L., Beaudry R. and Linz J.E., Ethylene inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus grown on peanuts, Food Microbiology,24, 658-663 (2007) @No $ @ @  Dorner J.W., Simultaneous quantitation of Aspergillus flavusA. parasiticus and aflatoxin in peanuts, J. AOAC Int., 85, 911–916 (2002) @No $ @ @ Escobar A. and Regueiro O.S. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in Cuba and (1990 through 1996) using an immunoenzymatic reagent kit (Aflacen), J.Food Protection,65, 219-221 (2002) @No $ @ @ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, (FAO) Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper, No. 81, FAO, Rome, (2004) @No $ @ @ Gong Y., Egal S., Hounsa. A., Turner P., Hall A., Cardwell K. and Wild C., determination of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo West Africa: the critical role of weaning, Int. J. Epidemiol., 32, 556-562 (2003) @No $ @ @ Miraglia M., Brera C. and Colatosti M., Application of biomarkers to assessment of risk to human health from exposure to mycotoxins, Microchemical Journal, 54, 472–477 (1996) @No $ @ @ Nuryono N., Agus A., Wedhastri S., Maryudani Y.B., Sigit Setyabudi F.M.C., Bohm, J., Razzazi-Fazeli, E. A limited survey of aflatoxin M1 in milk from Indonesia  by ELISA, Food Control,20, 721-724 (2009) @No $ @ @ Yazdanpanah H., Mohammadi T., Abouhossain G., and Cheraghali A.M., Effect of roasting on degradation of aflatoxins in contaminated pistachio nuts, Food Chem. Toxicol., 43, 1135–1139 (2005) @No $ @ @ Park J.W., Kim E.K. and Kim Y.B., Estimation of the daily exposure of Koreans to aflatoxin B1 through food consumption, Food Addit. Contam., 21, 70-75 (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>Potentiation of the Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Benzylimino-2, 3-Dimethyl-1-Phenylpyrazal-5-One by Metal Chelation<#LINE#>E.E.@Elemike,A.P.@Oviawe,I.E.@Otuokere<#LINE#>6-11<#LINE#>02-ISCA-RJCS-2011-129.pdf<#LINE#>2 Department of Chemistry, University of Benin, NIGERIA @ Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, NIGERIA <#LINE#>25/7/2011<#LINE#>19/8/2011<#LINE#> A Schiff base ligand, 4-benzylimino-2-3-dimethyl-l-phenylpyrazal-5-one have been synthesized by the condensation of Benzaldehyde and 4-aminoantipyrine.  Its divalent metal complexes of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were also synthesized.  The ligand and the complexes were characterized by FTIR, UV/visible, H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and GCMS. The ligand behaved as a bidentate donor by using its carbonyl and azomethine N as binding sites for the metals. Tetrahedral structures were proposed for the all complexes excepting the Cu(II) complex. The ligand showed low activity against some microbes but the complexes were remarkably active against the bacteria and fungi species. <#LINE#> @ @  Bahl B.S. and Bahl A., Elementary Organic Chemistry, Schand and Company Ltd, New Delhi, 60 (1993) @No $ @ @   Kovala-Demertzi D., Platinum(II) and palladium(II) Schiff base complexes of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone as alternative antiherpes simplex virus agents., Bio. Chem.  App., (1), 1-6 (2007) @No $ @ @   Silverstein R.M., Bassler G.C. and Morril T.C.,  Spectrometric identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley and Sons, New York ,50-56 (1974) @No $ @ @   Finar I.L. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2, 5th Ed., Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, India, 627(2007) @No $ @ @   Agarwal  R.K., Singh  L. and  Sharma D.K. ,Synthesis, spectral, and biological properties of copper(II) complexes of thiosemicarbazones of Schiff bases derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and aromatic aldehydes, Bio.Chem. Appl.,.2006, 1-10 (2006) @No $ @ @    Scovill J.P., Klayman D.L. and Franchino C.F., 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones complexes with transition metals as antimalarial and antileukemic agents, J. of Med.Chem., 25(10),1261–1264 (2009) @No $ @ @   Costa R.F.F., Rebolledo A.P. and Matencio T., Metal complexes of 2-benzoylpyridine-derived thiosemicarbazones: structural, electrochemical and biological studies, J. of Coord Chem., 58(15), 1307–1319 (2005) @No $ @ @   Hugo, W.B. and  Russel, A.D.  Pharmaceutical Microbiology,  Black Well Science, Ltd, U.S.A.  182 (2002) @No $ @ @    Sulekh C. and Amit K. S., Antitingal and Spectra Studies of Cr(III) and Mn(II) compexes derived from 3, 3- Thiodropropionic Acid derivative,  Res. Lett.  Inorg. Chem., 89 (2009) @No $ @ @   Quiroga A.G., P´erez  J.M. and L´opez-Solera I., Novel tetranuclear orthometalated complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) derived from p-isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with cytotoxic activity in cis-DDP resistant tumor cell lines Interaction of these complexes with DNA, J. of Med. Chem., 41(9), 1399–1408 (1988) @No $ @ @    Kovala-Demertzi D., Boccarelli A. and Coluccia M., In vitro antitumor activity of 2-acetyl pyridine 4N-ethyl thiosemicarbazone and its platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes, Chemotherapy. 53(2), 148–152 (2007) @No $ @ @   Pandey O.P., Synthesis, spectral and antibacterial studies of binuclear titanium (IV) / zirconium(IV) complexes of piperazine dithiosemicarbazones, Bio. Chem  Appl., 1(1), 35–44. (2003) @No $ @ @   Shipman J. Thiosemicarbazones of 2-acetylpyridine, 2-acetylquinoline, 1-acetylisoquinoline, and related compounds as inhibitors of herpes simplex virus in vitro and in a cutaneous herpes guinea pig model,   Avr. Res.6(4), 197–222 (1986) @No $ @ @   Beraldo H. Semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones: their wide pharmacological profile and clinical applications. Quim. Nova, 27(3),461–471(2004) @No $ @ @   Quiroga  A.G., P´erez  J.M. and L´opez-Solera I. Binuclear chloro-bridged palladated and platinated complexes derived from p-isopropylbenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone with cytotoxicity against cisplatin resistant tumor cell lines,  J. of Inorg. Biochem.,  69(4), 275–281(1988) @No 
<#LINE#>Acoustic and thermodynamic properties of cholesterol in ethanol and 1-propanol solution in different concentration at 303K<#LINE#>S.@Ravichandran<#LINE#>12-17<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-138-03.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, Sathyabama University, Chennai  600119 Tamilnadu,  INDIA<#LINE#>01/8/2011<#LINE#>25/8/2011<#LINE#> Ultrasonic velocity and density are measured in the mixture of cholesterol in ethanol and 1-propanol solution at different concentration to study the thermodynamic properties. Acoustical parameters like adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, acoustic impedance and surface tension are calculated using the ultrasonic velocity and density.  These data are particularly discussed with respect to the concentration of cholesterol.  The variation of ultrasonic velocity shows a dip at higher concentration of cholesterol.  These properties are used to illustrate the nature of interactions between component molecules. <#LINE#> @ @ Small D.M.  and Shipley  G.G., Physical-chemical  basis  of  lipids deposition in atherosclerosis, Sci.,185, 222-229  (1974) @No $ @ @ Haberland M.E.  and  Roynolds  J.A., Self  association  of  cholesterol in aqueous solution,  Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.70,  2313-2316  (1973) @No $ @ @ Hianik T., Rybar  P., Siku Rova  L. and Hermetter  A.,  Changes of compressibility of LDL following    copper medicated oxidation,  Gen. Phycl. Bio.phys.,22, 139-149  (2003) @No $ @ @ Roland Krivanek, Linus OkoroandRoland Winter.,  Effect of Cholesterol and Ergosterol on the    Compressibility and Volume Fluctuations of Phospholipid-Sterol Bilayers in the Critical Point  Region,  Bio. Phy. J.,94, 3538-3548 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ravichandran S. and Ramanathan K., Ultrasonic analysis of cholesterol in chloroform in different concentrations, Ind. J. Pure. Appl. Ultrason.,28, 40-45 (2006) @No $ @ @ Malasane P.R.  and Aswar A.S.,  Thermodynamic  and  ultrasonic  study of biomoecules in aqueous solution of metal ion at 303.15 K,  Farad. Soc.,12, 689-694 (2005) @No $ @ @ Mahendra Nath Roy, Anuradha Sinha and Biswajit Sinha,  Excess molar volumes, viscosity deviations and isentropic  compressibility  of  binary mixtures containing 1,3-Dioxolane and Monoalcohols at 303.15 K,  J. Soln. Chem.,11, 1311-1325 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ravichandran S. and Ramanathan K., Ultrasonic study of ammonium sulphate and ammonium chloride solution, Ind. J. Pure. Appl. Ultrason,26, 12-17  (2004) @No $ @ @ Ravichandran S.and Ramanathan K.,  Ultrasonic  investigations  of  MnSo, NiSo   and  CuSo aqueous in polyvinyl alcohol solution at 303K,  Rasayan  J. Chem.,3, 375-384 (2010) @No $ @ @ Rawat M.K. and Sangeeta, Ultrasonic study of molecular interaction and compressibility behaviour  of strontium soaps in chloroform–propylene glycol mixture, Ind. J. Pure. Appl. Phy.,46, 187-192 (2008) @No $ @ @ Naoyiki Akashi, Jun - Lchi Kushibiki, Floyd Dunn., Measurements of acoustic dextran solution in    VHF/UHF range, Ultran,  38,  915-919 (2000) @No $ @ @ Thirumurugan S. and Thenmozhi P., Study of molecular interaction in ternary liquid mixtures by   ultrasonic velocity measurements, Asian.  J. App. Sci.,3, 153-159 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ayyaw Muhammad, Mohamed I.  Abdul  Mutalib and Cecilia  D., Wilfred  Thanabalan  Murugesan and Amir Shafeeq, Viscosity,  Refractive Index, Surface Tension and Thermal Decomposition of Aqueous -Methyl diethanolamine  Solutions  from (298.15  to 338.15) K,  J. Chem. Engg.Data,53, 2226-2229 (2008) @No $ @ @ Savitha Jyostna T. and Sathyanarayana N., Ultrasonic studies on binary mixtures of some aromatic ketones with acrylonitrile at 303.15K, Ind. J. Pure. Appl. Phys., 43, 591-595 (2005) @No $ @ @ Mullainathan  and  Nithiyanantham. Ultrasonic Study of Molecular interactions in Binary Mixtures at 303 K,  E. J. Chem.7, 353-356  (2010) @No $ @ @ Pandey J.D.  Ranjan Dey, Vinay Sanguri, Jyotsna  Chhabra  and Tanuja Nautiyal., A com-parative study of non-linearity parameter for binary liquid mixtures, J. Phys.,65, 535-540 (2005) @No $ @ @ Jugan  J,  Roshan  Abraham  and Abdul  khadar M., Theoretical  calculation  of  acoustic non-linearity  parameter  B/A of  binary  mixtures, Pramana, 45, 221-226 (1998) @No $ @ @ LuYigang,   Feng   Jinyuan,   Dong Yanwu and Tong   Jie., Computation of the  acoustic nonlinearity parameter in organic liquid binary mixtures,Chi.Sci. Bull.,  45, 414-417 (2000) @No $ @ @ Jugan J. and  Abdul   Khadar   M.,   coustic   non - linearity   parameter   B/A   and  related molecular  properties of  binary  organic liquid mixtures,  J. mol. Liq.,3, 217- 227  (2002) @No $ @ @ Feller S.E., Brown C.A., Nizza   D.T.  and Gawrisch  K., Nuclear  Oberhausen Enhancement Spectroscopy cross-relaxation rates and ethanol distribution across  membranes, Bio.Phys. J.,  82, 1396-1404 (2002) @No 
<#LINE#>Theoretical Study of the Hydrogenation of Cyclopentene without Catalyst and in the Presence of Molybdenum Disulfide<#LINE#>Y.G.S.@Atohoun,U.A.@Kuevi,G.@Kpotin,A.H.@Kpota,J.B.@Mensah<#LINE#>18-23<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-155-04.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>16/8/2011<#LINE#>23/8/2011<#LINE#> A study Hartree Fock of the hydrogenation of cyclopentene was carried out at the temperature of 298.15 Kelvin, under atmospheric pressure, without catalyst, on the one hand, and in the presence of molybdenum disulfide, catalyst of hydrotreating modeled by a catalytic site of MoS type, on the other hand.  The results of calculations showed that, without catalyst, the hydrogenation of the molecule leads to the dislocation of its carbon skeleton by giving propane and acetylene.  Inthe presence of molybdenum disulfide used as catalyst, one observes a simple reaction of addition on the cycle.  The product of reaction is then cyclopentane.  This result highlights the double hydrogenating and selective character of catalyst.  <#LINE#> @ @ Rylander P. N., Hydrogenation methods, Academic press inc. London LTD, 29–49, (1985) @No $ @ @ Brémaud M., Vivier L., Pérot G., Harlé V. and C. Bouchy, Hydrogenation of olefins over hydrotreating catalysts: promotion effect on the activity and on the involvement of HS in the reaction, Applied catalysis. A, General,(289), 44–50 (2005) @No $ @ @ Smirnov V. K., Irisova K. N., Kraev Yu. L., Talisman E. L.  and Zharkov B. B., Determination of Catalyst Activity in Hydrotreating of Naphtha Cuts, Chem. Tech. Fuels Oil, (39), 201–206, (2011) @No $ @ @ Meerbott W. K., Hinds G.P., The kinetics of the hydrodesulfurization process, Ind. Eng. Chem., 47 (4), 749–752, (1955) @No $ @ @ Michaël B., Préservation de l’indice d’octane des essences : étude des facteurs influençant l’hydrogénation des oléfines sur catalyseurs d’hydrotraitements, Thèse de l’Université de Poitiers, 31–40, (2003) @No $ @ @ Chaquin T., Pratique de la chimie Théorique, InterEditions, (1995) @No $ @ @ Melius C.F. and Goddard W.A., Ab initio effective potentials for use in molecular quantum mechanics, Phys. Rev.,A 10, 1528–1540 (1974) @No $ @ @ Kahn L.R., Baybutt P. and Truhlar D.G., Ab initio effective core potentials: reduction of allelectronmolecular structure calculations to calculations involving only valence electrons, J. Chem. Phys., 65, 3826–3853 (1976) @No $ @ @ Frisch M. J., Camions G. W., Schlegel H. B., Scuseria G. E., Robb M. A., Cheeseman J. R., Montgomery Jr., Vreven T., Kudin K. N., Burant J. C., Millam J. M.,Iyengar S. S., Tomasi J., Barone V., Mennucci B.,Cossi M., Scalmani G., Rega N., Petersson G. A.,Nakatsuji H., Hada M., Ehara M., Toyota K., Fukuda R., Hasegawa J., Ishida M ., Nakajima T., Honda Y.,Kitao O., Nakai H., Klene M., Li X., Knox J. E., Hratchian H. P., Croix J. B., Bakken V., Adamo C., Jaramillo J., Gomperts R., Stratmann R. E., Yazyev O., Austin A. J., Cammi R., Pomelli C., Ochterski J. W., Ayala P.Y., Morokuma K., Voth G. A., Salvador P., Dannenberg J. J., Zakrzewski V. G., Dapprich S., Daniels A. D., Strain M. C., Farkas O., Malick D. K., Rabuck A. D., Raghavachari K., Foresman J. B., Ortiz J. V., Cui Q., Baboul A. G., Clifford S., Cioslowski J., Stefanov B. B., Liu G., Liashenko A., Piskorz P., Komaromi I., Martin R. L., Fox D. J., Keith T., Al-Laham M. A., Peng C. Y., Nanayakkara A., Challacombe M., Gill P. M. W., Johnson B., Chen W., Wong M. W., Gonzalez C. et Pople J. A., Gaussian 03, Révision C.02, Gaussien, Inc, Wallingford CT, (2004) @No $ @ @ Rabasso N., Chimie organique 1er cycle - Généralités, études des grandes fonctions et méthodes spectroscopiques, Editeur De Boeck, 2e édition, 71–72, (2011) @No $ @ @ Bähm S., Exner O., Geometry at the aliphatic tertiary carbon atom: computational and experimental test of the Walsh rule, Blackwell, Oxford, Royame Uni, 60(1), 103–107, (2004) @No $ @ @ Allen F. H., Kennard O. and Watson D. G., Tables of Bond Lengths determined by X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction. Part I. Bond Lengths in Organic Compounds, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, 1–19, (1987) @No $ @ @ Borel J. P., Randoux A, Maquart F. X., Gillery P., Biochimie dynamique, Editeur De Boeck, 572–574, (1997) @No $ @ @ Steven S. Zumdahl, Chimie des solutions, Editeur De Boeck, 131–134, (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>Monitoring of Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of Under Ground Water Samples of District Kallar Syedan, Rawalpindi-Pakistan<#LINE#>Shama@Sehar,Naz@Iffat,Ali@Ishtiaq,Ahmed@Safia<#LINE#>24-30<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-158-05.pdf<#LINE#>Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Aam University, Islamabad 45320, PAKISTAN <#LINE#>16/8/2011<#LINE#>20/8/2011<#LINE#> Physico-chemical and microbiological study of groundwater and municipal water in Kallar Syedan is presented here by taking water samples from five different stations. The study was carried out by collecting five underground water samples (two open well, two bore) and one municipal water sample during April 2011-July 2011. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO and ISI 10500-91. The parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO) sulphate (SO2–), phosphate (PO3–) and bacterial count (MPN/100 ml coliforms) were analyzed. It was found that the underground water was contaminated at few sampling sites namely Tayala and Luni.  The sampling site Bhakral showed physico-chemical and microbiological parameters within the water quality standards and the quality of water are good and it is fit for drinking purpose.  <#LINE#> @ @ Peeler K.A., Opsahl S.P. and Chanton J.P., Tracking anthropogenic inputs using caffeine, indicator bacteria and nutrients in rural freshwater and urban marine systemsEnviron. Sci. 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J. chem and ENV, 10(3), 62- 66 (2006) @No $ @ @ Mishra A. and Bhatt V., Physico- Chemical and Microbiological Analysis of under Ground Water in V.V Nagar and Nearby Places of Anand District, Gujarat, India, E-.J. Chem., 5(3)487-492 (2008) @No $ @ @ Neils R., Drinking water crisis in Pakistan and issue of bottled water, Nestle’s ‘Pure Life’ in Pakistan(2005) @No $ @ @ World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality-1,Recommendations, nd Ed. Geneva WHO(1993) @No $ @ @ Papini P, Faustini A, Manganello R, Borzacchi G, Spera D and Perucci C.A., Monitoring microbiological safety of small systems of water distribution.Comparison of two sampling programs in a town in Central Italy, Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, 29, 259–263 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ryu H, Alam A. and Abbaszadegan M., Microbial characterization and population changes in nonpotable reclaimed water distribution systems, Environ. Sci. Technol.,39, 8600–8605 (2005) @No $ @ @ McQuaig S.M, Scott T.M, Harwood V.J, Farrah S.R and Lukasik J.O., Detection of human-derived faecal pollution in environmental waters by use of a PCR-based human polyomavirus assay, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol,72, 7567–7574 (2006) @No $ @ @ Trevett A.F., Carter R. and Tyrrel S., Water quality deterioration: A study of household drinking water quality in rural Honduras, Int  J Environ Health Res., 14, 273–283 (2004) @No $ @ @ Dieter H.H. and Muckter H., Assessment of so called organic trace compounds in drinking water from the regulatory, health and aesthetic-quality points of view, with special consideration given to pharmaceuticals, Bundesgesundheitsblatt   Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 50, 322–331 (2007) @No $ @ @ World Health Organization, Guidelines for drinking water quality-I, Recommendations, 2nd Ed. Geneva WHO(1993) @No $ @ @ Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 20th Ed., APHA,AWWA, WEF. Washington DC, (1998) @No $ @ @ Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste water, American Public Health   Association, 17th Ed., Washington, DC, (1989) @No $ @ @ Trivedy R.K and Goel P.K., Chemical and Biological methods for water pollution studies,   Environmental Publication, Karad(1986) @No $ @ @ Manivaskam  N., Physicochemical examination of water sewage and industrial effluent, 5th Ed, Pragati Prakashan Meerut(2005) @No $ @ @ International Organization for Standardization Water quality—detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria. Part 1. Membrane   filtration method (ISO 9308-1:2000), Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (2000) @No $ @ @ Standard methods for examination of waters and waste waters, 16th Ed., APHA, AWWA and WPCF Inc.Newyork  (1985) @No $ @ @ Dahiya S. and Kaur A., physic chemical characteristics of underground water in rural areas of Tosham subdivisions, Bhiwani district, Haryana, J. Environ Poll., 6 (4), 281 (1999) @No $ @ @ Rao S.B. and Venkateswaralu P., Physicochemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples, Indian J Environ Prot., 20 (3), 161 (2000) @No $ @ @ Aulicino F.A. and  Pastoni F., Microorganisms surviving in drinking water systems and related problems,  Annali d’igiene 16 (1–2), 265–272 (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>Chalcogenide Thin Films Having Nanometer Grain Size for Photovoltaic Applications<#LINE#>S.S.@Kawar<#LINE#>31-35<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-171-06.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, Arts and Science College, Murtizapur, Dist. Akola, INDIA<#LINE#>20/8/2011<#LINE#>01/9/2011<#LINE#> Cadmium chalcogenides with appropriate band gap energy have been attracting a great deal of attention because of their potential applications in optoelectronic devices. CdS in the form of thin films is prepared at different substrate by a simple and inexpensive chemical bath deposition technique. The as deposited thin films have been characterized by XRD, SEM and Optical techniques. The XRD patterns shows that the films are polycrystalline with crystallite size 11 to 121 nm for the film deposited at optimized preparative parameters. SEM studies reveal that the grains are uniform with uneven spherically shaped, distributed over the entire surface of the substrates. FTIR spectrum shows that the percentage transmittance of the films has high transmittance in the range between 65 and 70% in the UV-VIS-NIR regions. The optical band gap energy was found to be 2.42 eV with direct allowed band-to-band transition. <#LINE#> @ @ Chu T.L. and Chu S.S., 13.4% Efficient Thin Film CdS/CdTe Solar Cells, Prog. Photovolt, , 31 (1993) @No $ @ @ Hashimoto Y., Kohara N., Negami T., Nishitani N. and Wada T., Chemical bath deposition of Cds buffer layer for GIGS solar cells, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells,50, 71 (1998) @No $ @ @ Maruyama T. and Kitamura R.,Transformations of the wavelength of the light incident upon CdS/CdTe solar cells, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells,69, 61, (2001) @No $ @ @ Bär M., Weinhardt L., Heske C., Muffler H.-J., Umbach E., Lux-Steiner M.Ch., Niesen Th.P., Karg F. and Fischer Ch.-H.,Cd2+/NH treatment of Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)thin-film solar cell absorbers: a model for the performance-enhancing processes in the partial electrolyte, Prog. Photovolt, 13, 571-577(2005) @No $ @ @ Duan X., Niu C., Sahi V., Chen J., Parce J.W., Empedocles S. and Goldman J.L.,High-performance thin-film transistors using ... semiconductor nanowires and nanoribbons, Nature,425, 274 (2003) @No $ @ @ Klimov V.I., Mikhailovsky A.A., Xu S., Malko A., Hollingsworth J.A., Leatherdale C.A., Eisler H.-J. and Bawendi M.G., Optical gain and stimulated emission in nanocrystal quantum dotsScience
290, 314-317 (2000) @No $ @ @ M. Bruchez Jr., Moronne M., Gin P., Weiss S., Alivisatos A.P.,Semiconductor Nanocrystals as     Fluorescent Biological Labels, Science,281, 2013 (1998) @No $ @ @ Howie J.A.B., Rowles G.K. and Hawkins P.,An inexpensive sensor for ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet- B radiation, Meas. Sci. Technol., , 1070 (1991) @No $ @ @ Bilgin V., Kose S., Atay F. and Akkyaz I.,Optical and structural properties of thermally evaporated  cadmium sulphide thin films on silicon (1 0 0) wafers, Mater. Chem. Phys.94, 103 (2005) @No $ @ @ Brien P.O. and Pickett N.L.,Nanocrystalline Semiconductors:Synthesis, Properties, and Perspectives, Chem. Mater.,13, 3845 (2001) @No $ @ @ Akkad F. El- and Abdel Naby M., Photoinduced current transient spectroscopy technique applied to the study of point defects in polycrystalline CdS thin films, Journal of Applied Physics,105
093113 – 093113 (2009) @No $ @ @ Chamseddine A. and Fearkeily M.L, Improved CdS buffer/window layers for thin film solar cells, Thin Solid Films, 3, 247(1994) @No $ @ @ Martinuzzi S., Trends and problems in CdSCuS thin film solar cells: A review, Sol. Cells,, 243 (1982) @No $ @ @ Baranski A.S., Bennet M.S. and Fawcett W.R., The physical properties of CdS thin films  electrodeposited from aqueous diethylene glycol solutions, J. Appl. Phys. 54, 6390 (1983) @No $ @ @ Zelaya-Angel O. and Lozada-Morales R. Sphaleritewurtzite phase transformation in CdS, 
Phys. Rev. B, 62, 13064 (2000) @No $ @ @ Hankare P.P., Chate P.A. and Sathe D.J,CdS thin film: Synthesis and characterization,  Solid State Sciences,11, 1226 (2009) @No $ @ @ Abdel Hady D., El-Shazly A.A., Soliman H.S. and El-shazly E.A., The thermoelectric power, the dark electrical resistivity and the grain boundary potential barrier in CdInSe thin films, J. Phys.  A.,226, 324 (1996) @No $ @ @ Brien P.O. and Saeed T., Deposition and characterization of cadmium sulfide thin films by chemical bath deposition, Journal of Crystal Growth, 158497-594(1996) @No $ @ @ JCPDS Data Card No.: 80-0006 @No $ @ @ JCPDS Data Card No.: 80-0019 @No $ @ @ Zhong H., Li Y. and Zhou Y. and Yang C., Controlled synthesis of 3D nanostructured CdCl(OH)5 templates and their transformation into Cd(OH) and CdS nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, 17, 772–777 (2006) @No $ @ @ Sasikala G., Dhanasekaran R. and Subramanian C. Electrodeposition and optical characterisation of CdS thin films on ITO-coated glass, Thin Solid Films, 302, 71-76 (1997) @No $ @ @ Boyle D.S., Novel approach to the chemical bath deposition of chalcogenide semiconductors, Thin Solid Films, 361, 150-154 (2000) @No $ @ @ Pankove J.I., Optical Processes in Semiconductors, first ed., Prentice-Hall, USA (1971) @No $ @ @ Williamson G.K. and Hall W.H., Acta Metall., 1, 22–31 (1953) @No $ @ @ Kelly J.J., Vanmaekelbergh D. and Hodes G., Electrochemistry of Nanomaterials, Wiley-VCH,  Weinheim, 103–136 (2001) @No $ @ @ Cao G., Nanostructure and Nanomaterials, first ed., Imperial College Press, London (2004) @No $ @ @ TongX.L., Jiang D.S., Hu W.B., Liu Z.M. and Luo M.Z.,  The comparison between CdS thin films grown on Si (111) substrate and quartz substrate by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition Appl. Phys. A84, 143 (2006) @No 
<#LINE#>Determination of Hexazinone in Environmental Samples by Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry-Partial Least Squares Regression<#LINE#>Amador-Hernandez @J.,M.@Velazquez-Manzanares,J.M.@Marquez-Reyes<#LINE#>36-41<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-173-07.pdf<#LINE#> Institute of Biotechnology, University of Papaloapan, CP 68301, Tuxtepec, Oaxaca, MEXICO @ Environmental Engineering, Universidad del Mar, CP 70902, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca, MEXICO<#LINE#>20/8/2011<#LINE#>01/9/2011<#LINE#> A simple and reliable analytical method is proposed for the spectrophotometric determination of hexazinone in water and soil leachates, where spectral interference from organic matter is avoided by means of a chemometric tool. Binary mixtures containing from 0.5 to 14 µg mL-1 of the herbicide and from 0 to 30 µg mL-1 of sodium salt of humic acids were prepared for the calibration set. The limit of detection was of 0.1 and the limit of quantification of 0.4 µg mL-1; a precision of 2.0 % was estimated, expressed as a relative standard deviation in percentage. Satisfactory mean recoveries ± confidence limits were obtained in synthetic mixtures (102 ± 2 %), as well as in tap water (102 ± 1 %), well water (103.8 ± 0.3 %) and soil leachates (96 ± 5 %). Unfortunately, a smaller mean recovery was found for sea water (66 ± 15 %), probably due to the high salinity of the matrix reduces the solubility of hexazinone. <#LINE#> @ @ LeBaron H.M., McFarland J.E. and Burnside O.C. (editors), The Triazine Herbicides 50 years Revolutionizing Agriculture, Elsevier (2008) @No $ @ @ Montgomery J.H, Agrochemical desk reference: Environmental Data, Lewis Publishers (1993) @No $ @ @ US Environmental Protection Agency, Reregistration eligibility decision for Hexazinone, EPA 738-R-94-022, http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0266.pdf, access: May 2011 (1994) @No $ @ @ Ganapathy C., Environmental fate of Hexazinone, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento CA, http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/hxzinone.pdf, access: May 2011 (1996) @No $ @ @ Beale D.J., Kaserzon S.L., Porter N.A., Roddick F.A. and Carpenter P.D., Detection of s-triazine pesticides in natural waters by modified large-volume direct injection HPLC, Talanta, 82(2), 668-674 (2010) @No $ @ @ Dagnac T., Bristeau S., Jeannot R., Mouvet C. and Baran N.J., Determination of chloroacetanilides, triazines and phenylureas and some of their metabolites in soils by pressurised liquid extraction, GC–MS/MS, LC–MS and LC–MS/MS, J. Chromatogr. A, 1067(1-2), 225-233 (2005) @No $ @ @ Kubilius D.T. and Bushway R.J., Determination of hexazinone and its metabolites in groundwater by capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A, 793(2), 349-355 (1998) @No $ @ @ Baranowska I. and Pieszko C., Derivative spectrophotometry in the analysis of mixtures of phenols and herbicides, Analyst,125(12), 2335-2338 (2000) @No $ @ @ Baranowska I. and Pieszko C., Derivative spectrophotometry in the analysis of bromacil and metoxuron in the presence of simazine or propazine and hexazinone, Anal. Lett., 35(3), 473-486 (2002) @No $ @ @ Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC, Handbook J (2000) @No $ @ @ López-de-Alba P.L., López-Martínez L., WrobelKaczmarczyk K., Wrobel-Zasada K. and Amador-Hernández  J.,  Spectrophotometric  determination  of allura red (R40) in soft drink powders using the universal calibration matrix for partial  least  squares  multivariate  method, Anal.  Chim.  Acta, 330, 19-29 (1996) @No $ @ @ Amador-Hernández  J.,  Velázquez-Manzanares  M.,  Gutiérrez-Ortiz  M.R., Hernández-Carlos  B., Peral-Torres  M. and  López-de-Alba  P.L., Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of atrazine and dicamba in water by Partial Least Squares Regression, J. Chil. Chem. Soc., 50, 461-464 (2005) @No $ @ @ Amador-Hernández J., Fernández-Romero J.M. and Luque de Castro M.D., Flow injection  screening  and  semiquantitative  determination  of  polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons  in  water  by  laser  induced  spectrofluorimetry–chemometrics, Anal. Chim. Acta, 448, 61-69 (2001) @No $ @ @ Chen Q., Jiang P. and Zhao J., Measurement of total flavone content in snow lotus (Saussurea involucrate) using near infrared spectroscopy combined with interval PLS and genetic algorithm, Spectrochim Acta A, 76(1), 50-55 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ferrand M., Huquet B., Barbey S., Barillet F., Faucon F., Larroque H., Leray O., Trommenschlager J.M. and Brochard M., Determination of fatty acid profile in cow's milk using mid-infrared spectrometry: Interest of applying a variable selection by genetic algorithms before a PLS regression, Chemometr. Intell. Lab., 106(2), 183-189 (2011) @No $ @ @ Brereton R.G., Introduction to multivariate calibration in analytical chemistry, Analyst, 125, 2125–154 (2000) @No $ @ @ Naes T., Isaksson T., Fearn T. and Davies T., A User-Friendly Guide to Multivariate Calibration and Classification, NIR Publications(2002) @No $ @ @ Harris D.C., Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 7th edition, W.H. Freeman (2006) @No $ @ @ Jagner D., Renman L. and Stefansdottir S.H., Determination of iron(III) and titanium(IV) as their Solochrome Violet RS complexes by constant-current stripping potentiometry: Part 2. Partial least-squares regression calibration procedure for iron (III) and titanium(IV), Anal. Chim. Acta, 281(2), 315-321 (1993) @No $ @ @ Beebe K.R., Pell R.J. and Seasholtz M.B., Chemometrics: a practical guide, Wiley (1998) @No $ @ @ López-de-Alba P.L., López-Martínez L., Wrobel-Kaczmarczyk K., Wrobel-Zasada K. and Amador-Hernández  J., Simultaneous  determination  of  uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) ions with arsenazo III by partial least squares method, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. Letters, 220, 167-171 (1997) @No $ @ @ Amador-Hernández J., Cladera A., Estela J.M., Lópezde-Alba P.L. and Cerdá, V., Resolution  of  a  multicomponent  polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbon  system  in micellar  media  by  linear  variable  angle  fluorescence  applying  distinct chemometric techniques, Analyst, 123, 2235-2241 (1998) @No $ @ @ Wold S. and Josefson M., Multivariate Calibration in Analytical Data, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, R.A. Meyers editor, Wiley(2001) @No $ @ @ Semarnat NOM-021-RECNAT-2000, Official Journal of Federation(2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon steel by Succinic acid-Zn2+  system<#LINE#>M.@Manivannan,S.@Rajendran<#LINE#>42-48<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-180-08.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Chettinad College of Engineering and Technology, Karur – 639 114, Tamil Nadu, INDIA @ Corrosion Research Centre, PG and Research Dept. of Chemistry, GTN Arts College, Dindigul – 624 005, Tamil Nadu, INDIA @ Department of Chemistry, RVS School of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul – 624 005, Tamil Nadu, INDIA <#LINE#>30/8/2011<#LINE#>24/9/2011<#LINE#> The inhibition efficiency (IE) of succinic acid (SA) in controlling corrosion of carbon steel in sea water in the absence and presence of Zn2+ has been evaluated by weight loss method. The formulation consisting of 250 ppm SA and 50 ppm Zn2+ has 93% IE. It is found that the inhibition efficiency (IE) of SA increases by the addition of Zn2+ ion.  A synergistic effect exists between SA and Zn2+. Polarization study reveals that SA – Zn2+ system controls the cathodic reaction predominantly. FTIR spectra reveal that the protective film consists of Fe2+ – SA complex and Zn(OH). The surface morphology of the protective film on the metal surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. A suitable mechanism for corrosion inhibition is proposed based on the results from the above studies. <#LINE#> @ @ Bregmanna I., corrosion inhibitors, (Macmillon, New York, London) 33, 48, 99, 107(1963) @No $ @ @ Hackerman N. and Langmuir, Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, , 922-930 (1987) @No $ @ @ Hatch G.B., Corrosion Inhibitors, Ed. CC. Nathan, NACE, Houstan, Texas, U.S.A 126 (1973) @No $ @ @ Mercer A.E., 5th European symposium on corrosion inhibitors (5 SEIC) Anna University, Ferrara, Sez. V. Supp. n 7, 563 (1980) @No $ @ @ Mercer A.D., ASTM special technical publications, ASTM Philadelphia, U.S.A. 705, 53 (1980) @No $ @ @ Chemistry Research for the years 1951, 1954 and 1958, Published by HMSO, London. @No $ @ @ Funke W. and Hamann K., Werkstoffe und Korrosion, 9, 202 (1958) @No $ @ @ Hersch P., Hare J.B., Robertson A. and Sheilla M., Sutherland,  An experimental survey of rust preventives in water I. Methods of testing, J. App. chemistry, 11, 246 (1961) @No $ @ @ Mayne J.E.O. and Ramshaw E.M., J. App. chemistry, 10,419 (1980) @No $ @ @ Shmeleva N.K. and Darannik V.P., Zhur. Priklad. Khim, 36, 813 (1963) @No $ @ @ Bogatyreva E.V. and Balezin S.A., Zhur. Priklad. Khim, 32, 1071(1959) @No $ @ @ Bogatyreva E.V. and Nagaev V.V., Zhur. Priklad. Khim, 35, 556 (1962) @No $ @ @ Bogatyreva E.V. and Balezin S.A., Zhur. Priklad. Khim, Tekhnol. n 1 (1959) @No $ @ @ Kuznetsov I., Yu et al. 6th European symposium on corrosion inhibitors, (6 SEIC) Anna University, Ferrara, Sez. V. Supp. n 8, 567 (1985) @No $ @ @ Bogatyreva E.V. and Karepina M.A., Zhur, Priklad. Khim, 36, 147 (1963) @No $ @ @ Klyuchnikov N.G. and Novoshinskaya N.S., Zhur, Priklad. Khim, 36, 2470 (1963) @No $ @ @ Abdel Rehim S.S., Sayyah S.M and EL Deeb M.M., Corrosion of tin in citric acid solution and the effect of some inorganic anions, Mat. Chem. and Phy.,80 (3), 696-703 (2003) @No $ @ @ Felicia Rajammal Selvarani, Santhamadharasai S., Wilson Sahayaraj J., John Amalraj A. and Rajendran S., Synergistic effect of succinic acid and Zn2+ in controlling corrosion of carbon steel, Bulletin of Electrochem., 20,  561 – 565 (2004) @No $ @ @ Arockia selvi J., Rajendran S. and Amalraj A.J., Corrosion inhibition by sodium potassium tartrate-Zn2+system for cabon steel in rain water collected from roof top, Indian J. Chem. Technol., 14, 382 (2007) @No $ @ @ Florence G.R.H., Antony A.N., Sahayaraj J.W., Amalraj A.J. and Rajendran S., Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by adipic acid-Zn2+ system, Indian J. Chem. Technol., 12, 472 (2005) @No $ @ @ Wilson sahayaraj J., Reymond P., Rajendran S. and John Amalraj A., Tartrate-Zn2+ system as corrosion inhibitor for stainless steel in sea water, J. Electrochem. Soc. of India, 56 ½, 14-19 (2007) @No $ @ @ http://www.Chem-online.org  @No $ @ @ Wranglen G., Introduction to corrosion and protection of metals, Chapmann and Hall,  London 236 (1985) @No $ @ @ Selvaraj S.K.,  John Kennedy A., John Amalraj A., Rajendran S. and Palaniswamy N., Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone, Corrosion Rev., 22 (3), 219-330 (2004) @No $ @ @ Sathiya bama J., Susai Rajendran, Arockia Selvi J. and John Amalraj A., Methyl orange as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in well water, Indian J. Chem. Technol., 15, 462-466 (2002) @No $ @ @ Sathiya bama J., Rajendran S., Selvi J.A. and Jeyasundari J., Fluorescein as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in well water, Bulgarian Chem. Communications, 41 (4), 374 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kalaivani R., Narayanasamy B., Selvi J.A., Amalraj A.J., Jeyasundari J. and Rajendran S., Corrosion inhibition by prussian blue, Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta, 27 (2), 177-187 (2009) @No $ @ @ Shanthi S., Arockia Selvi J., Agnesia Kanimozhi S., Rajendran S., John Amalraj A., Narayanasamy B. and Vijaya N., Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in the presence of iodide ion, J. Electrochem. Soc. India,56 ½, 48 – 51 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kzauo Nakamoto, Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic coordination compound (Wiley Interscience, Newyork) 95 (1981) @No $ @ @ Silverstein R.M. Bassler G.C. and Morrill T.C., Spectrometric Identification of   Organic Compounds, (John Wiley and Sons, New York), 95 (1986) @No $ @ @ Leema Rose A., Felicia Rajammal Selvrani, Peter Pacal Regis A., Susai Rajendran, Kanchana S. and Krishnaveni A., Corrosion inhibition by monosodium glutamate – Zn2+ system, Zastita Materijala, 50, 187 (2009) @No $ @ @  Sekine I. and  Hirakwa Y., Corrosion, 42, 276 (1986) @No $ @ @ Xu Yang, Fu Sheng Pan and Ding Fei Zhang, A study on corrosion inhibitor for Magnesium alloy, Mat. Sci. Forum, 610-613, 920-926 (2009) @No $ @ @ Gogoi P.K. and Barhai B.,  Corrosion Inhibition of carbon steel in open recirculating cooling water system         of petroleum refinery by a multi-component blend containing zinc  (II) diethyldithiocarbamate, Indian J.         Chem. Technol., 17, 291-295 (2010) @No $ @ @ Hamdy A., Farag A.B., EL-Bassoussi A.A., Salah B.A. and Ibrahim O.M., Electrochemical behaviour of brass alloy in different saline media: Effect of Benzotriazole, World App. Sci. Journal, , 565-571 (2010) @No $ @ @ Weihua Li, Lichao Hu, Shengtao Zhang and Baorong Hou, Effects of two fungicides on the corrosion resistance of copper in 3.5 % NaCl solution under various conditions, Corrosion Sci., 53, 735-745 (2011) @No 
<#LINE#>Vermicomposting of Vegetable Wastes Amended With Cattle Manure<#LINE#>Meena@Khwairakpam,Ajay S.@Kalamdhad<#LINE#>49-56<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-183-09.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, INDIA @ Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, INDIA <#LINE#>30/8/2011<#LINE#>12/9/2011<#LINE#> Three different earthworm species Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus in individual (Monocultures) and combinations (Polycultures) were utilized to compare the suitability of worm species for vermicomposting of vegetable waste amended with cattle manure. Eight different reactors including three monocultures and four polycultures of Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae and Perionyx excavatus and one control were used for the experiment. Compost stability studies revealed that compost from monoculture reactors became very stable with final oxygen uptake rate and CO evolution of 2.60-1.53 mg/g volatile solids (VS)/day, 1.38-1.88 mg/g VS/day respectively. However, the compost obtained from the polyculture reactors attained maturity faster than the monoculture reactors as confirmed by the oxygen uptake rate results, with a reduction of 70 to 80%. The results show that vegetable waste amended with cattle manure produced high quality stable compost free from pathogens but the waste is not ideal for the growth and reproduction of earthworms. <#LINE#> @ @ Sinha R.K. and Sinha A.K., Waste Management: Embarking on the 3R’ Philosophy of waste Reduction, Reuse and Recycling’, INA Shree Publications, India, 319-320 (2000) @No $ @ @ Lavelle P., Barois I., Martin A., Zaidi Z. and Schaefer R., Management of earthworm population in agro-ecosystem. In: A Possible Way to Maintain Soil Quality and Ecology of Arabie Land (Charholm M, Berystrom L, eds). Kluwer Academic publishers, 109-122 (1989) @No $ @ @ Murphy D.J., Earthworms in Australia. Hyland House Publishing Pty Ltd., Victoria, 112-114 (1993) @No $ @ @ Ismail S.A., Earthworms in soil fertility management. In: Organic Agriculture (Thampan P K, ed). India: Peekay Tree Crops Development Foundation, Cochin, 77-100 (1995) @No $ @ @ Goswami B. and Kalita M.C., Efficiency of some indigenous earthworms species of Assam and its characterization through vermitechnology. Indian J. Environ. Ecoplan., , 351-354 (2000) @No $ @ @ Reinecke A.J., Viljoen S.A. and Saayman R.J., The suitability of Eudrilus eugeniae, Perionyx excavatus and Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta) for vermicomposting in southern Africa in terms of their temperature requirements. Soil Biol. Biochem., 24(12), 1295-1307 (1992) @No $ @ @ Haimi J. and Huhta V., Capacity of various organic residues to support adequate earthworm biomass for vermicomposting. Biol.  Fertil. Soils, , 23-27 (1986) @No $ @ @ Kalamdhad A.S., Pasha M. and Kazmi A.A., Stability evaluation of compost by respiration techniques in a rotary drum composter. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 52, 829-834 (2008) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 17th edition, APHA, Washington, D.C. (1995) @No $ @ @ Tiquia S.M. and Tam N.F.Y., Fate of nitrogen during composting of chicken litter. Environ. Pollut.,110, 535-541 (2000) @No $ @ @ Eklind Y. and Kirchmann H., Composting and storage of organic household waste with different litter amendments, II: Nitrogen turnover and losses, Bioresour. Technol., 74, 125-133 (2000) @No $ @ @ Suthar S. and Singh S., Comparison of some novel polyculture and traditional monoculture vermicomposting reactors to decompose organic wastes, Ecol. Eng., 33, 210-219 (2008) @No $ @ @ Khwairakpam M. and Bhargava R., Bioconversion of filter mud using vermicomposting employing two exotic and one local earthworm species, Bioresour. Technol., 100, 5846-5852 (2009a) @No $ @ @ Kaviraj and Sharma S., Municipal solid waste management through vermicomposting employing exotic and local species of earthworms, Bioresour. Technol.,90, 169-173 (2003) @No $ @ @ Khwairakpam M. and Bhargava R., Vermitechnology for sewage sludge recycling. J. Hazard. Mater., 161, 948-954 (2009b) @No $ @ @ Suthar S., Vermicomposting of vegetable-market solid waste using Eisenia fetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate, Eco.l Eng., 35, 914-920 (2009a) @No $ @ @ Suthar S., Vermistabilization of municipal sewage sludge amended with sugarcane trash using epigeic Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta), J. Hazard. Mater., 163, 199-206 (2009b) @No $ @ @ Hirai M.F., Chanyasak V. and Kubota H., A standard measurement for compost maturity, Biocycle24, 54-56 (1983) @No $ @ @ CPHEEO, Manual on municipal solid waste management. Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, New Delhi, (2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Biochemical and Physical Characterization of Diesel Oil Contaminated Soil in Southeastern Nigeria<#LINE#>C.O.@Ujowundu,F.N.@Kalu,R.N.@Nwaoguikpe,O.I.@Kalu,C.E.@Ihejirika,E.C.@Nwosunjoku,R.I@Okechukwu<#LINE#>57-62<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-184-10.pdf<#LINE#><#LINE#>2/9/2011<#LINE#>13/9/2011<#LINE#> The biochemical and physical characteristics of diesel oil contaminated soil were studied. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were 46726.80 mg/kg and 844.40 mg/kg respectively for the diesel contaminated soil and 2.90 mg/kg and 0.001mg/kg for the control. The contamination increased the soil acidity, soil organic carbon, %Nitrogen and % silt to 5.9, 2.34 mg/kg, 0.202 mg/kg, 3.00 respectively compared to 6.7, 1.07 mg/kg, 0.092 mg/kg and 2.00 respectively in the control. The contamination also increased the concentration of heavy metals like Cadmium 0.25 mg/kg, iron 6311 mg/kg and lead 1.67 mg/kg against the uncontaminated soil with Cd 0.10 mg/kg, Cu 1.83 mg/kg, and Pb 1.22 mg/kg. Variation in individual concentrations of macro- and micronutrients in the contaminated and control soil samples was observed but did not affect the overall soil conductivity. The microbial growth rate expressed as colony forming units for bacteria and fungi were 1.3 x 109 cfu/g and 3.0 x 106 cfu/g respectively for the contaminated and 4.6 x 109 cfu/g and 4.0 x 106 cfu/g for the uncontaminated soil respectively. These changes created by diesel contamination resulted in the reduction in the pH and microbial biomass. These adverse changes could affect nutrient cycle, impede nutrient uptake by plant roots and subsequently lead to reduction in crop yield. <#LINE#> @ @ Alexander M., Biodegradation and Bioremediation,Academic press, New York, 692 (1994) @No $ @ @ ATSDR (Agency for toxic substances and Disease Registry), Toxicology profile for used mineral base crankcase oil, Department of health and human services, public health services press, Atlanta USA, 53, 135-160(1997) @No $ @ @ Panter-brick, S., Solders and Oil. The Political Transformation of Nigeria. Frank – Cass and Company Ltd. (1978) @No $ @ @ Ijah U.J.J. and Antai S.P., Removal of Nigerian light crude oil in soil over a 12 month period, Int. Biodeterio. Biodeg., 51, 93-99 (2003) @No $ @ @ Chikere B.O, and Chijioke–Osuji O., Microbial diversity and physicochemical properties of a crude oil polluted soil, Niger. J. 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London., 15-19 (1975) @No $ @ @ Brady N.C. and Weil R.R., The nature and properties of soils, 12th ed. Prentice – Hall Inco simon and sluster A Viacom company upper sadde river, New Jersey (1999) @No $ @ @ Wilson S.C., and Jones K.C., Bioremediation of soil contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review, Environ Pollut, 81(3), 229-249 (1993) @No $ @ @ Okoh A.I.  Biodegradation alternative in the cleanup of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants,  Biotechnol Molecular Bio Review,1(2), 38-50 (2006) @No $ @ @ Feng D. and Aldrich C., Sonochemical treatment of simulated soil contaminated with diesel, Advances in Environmental Research, 4, 103-12 (2000) @No $ @ @ Slavica S.D., Slavica B. and Brantner B.A., Comparison of ultrasonic extraction and soxhlet extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Umweltanalytscheslabor, Sachenplatz 13, A-1200 Vienna, Austria (2003) @No $ @ @ Yun T., Tianling Z. and Xinhong W., PAHs contamination and PAH-degrading bacteria in Xiamen western sea, Chemical speciation and Bioavailability, Chemical Speciationand Bioavailability, 14, 25-33(2003) @No $ @ @ Kayode J., Oyedeji A.A. and Olowoyo O., Evaluation of the Effects of Pollution with Spent Lubricating Oil on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil. Spring, 10(1), (2009) @No $ @ @ Jansseen B.H. and Vander-Weert R., The Influence of Fertilizers, Soil Organic Matter and Soil Compaction on Maize Yield on the Surinam ‘Zanderiji’ Soils, Plant and Soil 46, 445-458 (1977) @No $ @ @ Sztompka E., Biodegradation of engine oil in soil. 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<#LINE#>Molecular Interionic Interaction Studies of Some Divalent Transition Metal Sulphates in Aqueous Ethylene Glycol at Different Temperatures<#LINE#>S.@Thirumaran,K.@Sathish<#LINE#>63-71<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-191-11.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics (DDE), Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, INDIA @ Department of Physics, Annai College of Arts and Science, Kumbakonam-612 503, INDIA<#LINE#>06/9/2011<#LINE#>17/9/2011<#LINE#>The present study aims for the structure-making and structure –breaking behavior of some divalent metal Sulphates in aqueous ethylene glycol at 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15K. The present investigation exploring the possible molecular interactions between the metal sulphate and ethylene glycol which is known to have much dissociation of metal sulphates in the solvent mixture. Experimental values of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocities were carried out on the liquid ternary mixtures of water +ethylene glycol + metal sulphates namely manganese sulphate, nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate at 308.15,313.15 and 318.15K. The binary solvent mixture of water + ethylene glycol was prepared in the constant ratio of 4:1. Metal sulphates solution was added under molality basis with these binary solvent mixtures. The related and relevant parameters correlated to our present study such as adiabatic compressibility (&#946;), molal hydration number (nH), apparent molal compressibility (&#981;K), apparent molal volume (&#981;V), limiting apparent molal compressibility ( 0 &#966; K), limiting apparent molal volume ( 0&#966;V) and their associated constants (SK, SV), transfer volume (&#8710; 0 &#966;V) from water to aqueous solution and the viscosity B-Coefficient of JonesDole equations were meticulously evaluated. The molecular associations such as ion-ion, ion-solvent, solute-solvent, solutesolute etc are identified and critically discussed in terms of the structure-making and structure-breaking behaviour of metalsulphates in the solvent mixture.<#LINE#> @ @ Endo H. and Otoliko Namoto, Structural absorption of ultrasonic waves in aqueous solutions of alkali halides, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 77, 217-226 (1981) @No $ @ @ Kannappan V. and Chidambara vinayagam S., Ultrasonic study of ion-solvent interactions in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions of transition and inner transition metal ions, Ind. J. Pure & Appl. Phys.,44, 670-676 (2006) @No $ @ @ Ravichandran S. and Ramanathan K., Ultrasonic investigations of MnSO, NiSO and CuSO aqueous in polyvinyl alcohol solution at 303K, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 3(2), 375-384 (2010) @No $ @ @ Parmar M.L., Praveen Sharma and Guleria M.K., A comparative study of partial molal  volumes of some hydrated and anhydrous salts of transition metal sulphates and magnesium sulphate in water at different temperatures, Ind. J. Chem., 48A, 57-62 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kelei Zhuo, Yujan Chen, Wenhao Wang and Jianji Wang, Volumetric and viscometric and viscosity properties of MgSO/ CuSO in sucrose + water solutions at 298.15K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 53, 2022-2028 (2008) @No $ @ @ Tongfan Sun and Amyn S. Teja, Density, viscosity and thermal conductivity of aqueous ethylene, diethylene and triethylene glycol mixtures between 290K and 450K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, 198-202 (2003) @No $ @ @ Cox B.G. and Waghorne W.E., Thermodynamics of ion-solvent interactions, Chem. Soc. Rev. 9, 381-411 (1980) @No $ @ @ Lav Y.K., Saluja P.P.S, Kebarle P., The proton in dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone results from gas – phase ion equilibriums involving (MeSO) nH and (MeCO)nH, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 102(25), 7429-7433 (1980) @No $ @ @ CRC Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics, 74th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1993-1994) @No $ @ @ Alexandr V. Lebed, Oleg N. Kalugin and Ivan N. Vynnik, Properties of 1-1 electrolytes solutions in ethylene glycol at temperatures from 5ºC to 175ºC Part 1 conductance measurements and experimental data treatment, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday trans., 94, 2097-2101 (1998) @No $ @ @ Tsierkezos N.G., Molinou I.E., Thermodynamic properties of water + ethylene glycol at 283.15, 293.15, 303.15 and 313.15K, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 43, 989-993 (1998) @No $ @ @ Arno H. Reidies., Manganese compounds Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of chemical Technology, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (2007) @No $ @ @ Budavari S.M, O' Neal J, Smith A, Heckelman PE, eds. The Merch Index 12th ed. 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Kinart, Magdalena Klimczak and MartaMaj, Viscosity of binary mixtures of 2-ethoxy ethanol with ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol at T = (293.15 K, 298.15 K, and 303.15K), Phys. & Chem. Liq., 47(1), 84-94 (2009) @No $ @ @ Dhanalakshmi, Jasmine Vasantharani E., Analysis of apparent molal volume and apparent molal compressibility of quaternary ammonium salt in non-aqueous medium, J. Pure & Appl. Ultrason.,21, 79-82 (1999) @No $ @ @ Hakin A.W, Michelle M. Duke, Sheri A. Klassen, Robert M. McKay and Kathryn E. 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@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Composition and Acute Toxicity Study on Aqueous Extract of Combretum dolichopentalum Leaf in Swiss Albino Mice<#LINE#>F.N.@Kalu,V.N.@Ogugua,C.O.@Ujowundu,Chinekeokwu@<#LINE#>72-75<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-194-12.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, NIGERIA @ Department of Biochemistry Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, NIGERIA<#LINE#>10/9/2011<#LINE#>29/9/2011<#LINE#> Studies on the phytochemical and macronutrient composition of the leaves of   Combretum dolichopentalum were carried out. The qualitative phytochemical composition shows the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, steroid, glycosides and resins. The quantitative phytochemical composition shows that it contains 5.765 ± 0.002 mg/100g tannin, 80±0.003 mg/100g  flavonoids, 0.033±0.003 mg/100g cyanide, 8.717± 0.003 mg/100g alkaloids, 17.86 ± 0.002 mg/100g saponins and 6.969±0.005 mg/100g steroid. The macronutrients obtained include 2.101±0.003 mg/100g soluble carbohydrate and 200.0±0.002 mg/100g reducing sugar. The result of acute toxicity (LD50), showed  C. dolichopentalum leaf extract to be lethal at doses 3000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. This study revealed that C. dolichopentalum is a rich source of phytochemical and reducing sugar, which if adequately processed will not only offer chemoprotective benefits to its users, but could also serve as a good source of nutrient. <#LINE#> @ @   Dasture  A.N., Herbal Therapy, Ancient science of life, 21 () :281-286 (2002) @No $ @ @   Hills A.F. Economic Botany. A textbook of Useful Plants and plant products. 2nd McGraw Hilll Book Company Inc., New York p. 91 (1952) @No $ @ @   Cho E., Seddom J., Ronser B., Willet W. and Hakinson S., Prospective study on the intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins and carotenoids and related muscucopathy. Arch. Opthamol., 122, 883-892 (2004) @No $ @ @   Edeogu H.O., Okwu D.E. and Mbacble B.O., Phytochemical constituent of some Nigerian medicinal plants, African Journal. Biotechnology,), 685-688(2005) @No $ @ @   Mahdi A.A., Rathore B., Chandra A., Paul B.N., Singh R.K., Das S.K., Bajpai M. and Chander R. Free radicals and antioxidants in diabetes and arthritis, Possible role of herbal medicines, Book of abstract (2005) @No $ @ @   Mahdi A.A., Rathore B., Das S.K. and Paul B.N. Comparative studies of different organ ofN.arbortristis in modulation of lipid peroxide levels, antioxidant content, cytokines and effect on hepatic and renal marker enzyme in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Book of abstract, 3rdinternational symposium on natural antioxidant molecular mechanisms and health effects (2005b) @No $ @ @   Asuzu I.U. and Onoh O.U., Anti-ulcer activity of the ethanol extract of Combretum dolichopentalum. 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Food and chemical toxicology.45; 1814 -1820 (2007) @No $ @ @   Ujowundu  C. O., Kalu F.N., Okafor E.O., Agha C.N., Alisi S.C and Nwaoguikpe R.N. Evaluation of the chemical composition of Dacryodes edulis (G. don) Seeds Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci.(4): 1225-1233, (2010) @No $ @ @   Owoyele B.T, Olayele S.B. and Elegba R.A . Antiinflammatory and Analgesic activities of leaf Extract of Landolphia owerensis. Afr. J. Biomed. Res, 30): 131-133(2002) @No $ @ @  Enechi OC, Odonwodo I. Assessment of the Phytochemical and Nutrient composition of Pulverized Root of Cissus quadrangularis. J.Biol. Res. Biotechnol. : 63-68. (2003) @No $ @ @   Okaka J.C, Enoch N.J. and Okaka N.C. Human nutrition: an integrated approach. Enugu ESUT publications, Pp 57-58(1992) @No $ @ @ Ujowundu C. O., Kalu F. N., Emejulu A.A., Okafor O.E., Nkwonta C.G. andNwosunjoku E. C. Evaluation of the chemical composition of Mucunautilis leaves used in herbal medicine in Southeastern Nigeria Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (11), 811- 816 (2010) @No $ @ @   Middleton E. Kandaswami C. and Theoharides T.C. The effects of plant flavonoid on mammalian cells:  Implication for inflammation, heart disease and cancer. Pharmcol. Rev, 52): 673-751 (2000) @No $ @ @   Sharma R.K., Chatterji S., Rai D.K., Mehta. S., Rai P.K., Singh R.K., Watal C.R. and Sharma B. Antioxidant activities and phenolic contents of the aqueous extract of some Indian medicinal plants . J. Med. Plants Res,ii):44-1948 (2009) @No $ @ @   Price K.R., Johnson L.J. and Fenwick G.R. The chemical and biological significance of saponins in food and feeding stuffs. C.R.C. Crit Rev. Food Sci. Nutri26: 27-135(1987) @No $ @ @   Shi J, Arunasala K., Yeung D., Kakuda Y., Mittal G and Jiang Y. Saponins from edible legumes: Chemistry processing and health benefits. Journal of Medicinal Food. ) 67 – 78(2004) @No $ @ @   Abu A.E., Anigo, K.M., Bawa G.S., Chindo P.S., James D.B. and Takubu L.B.  Evaluation of some traditional processing methods on nutrients composition of in vitro protein digestibility of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) Nig.J.Sci.Res. 65 (2005) @No $ @ @  Cheeke P.R. Endogenous toxins and mycotoxins in forage grasses and their effects on livestock. J. Anim. Sci. 87. 1536-1554(1995) @No $ @ @   McMahon J.M., White W.L.B., Sayre R.T. Cyanogenesis in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) J. Exp. Bot., 46; 731-741 (1995) @No $ @ @   Siddhuraju P., Vijayakumari K. and Janardhanan K. Chemical composition and protein quality of the little known- legume, velvet bean (mucuna pruriens (L) DC). J. Agric food chem., 44:2636- 2641 (1996) @No $ @ @   Effiong G.S, Ibia T.O. and Udofia U.S. Nutritive and energy values of some wild fruit species in south eastern Nigeria. Electron Journal Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 8(100) 917-923(2009) @No $ @ @  Zbinden G and Flury-Roversi M. Significance of the LD50 test for the toxicological evaluation of chemical substances. Arch. 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<#LINE#>Sol-Gel Derived Carbon Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells<#LINE#>J.O.@Ozuomba,A.J.@Ekpunobi<#LINE#>76-79<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-112-13.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Madonna University, Elele, NIGERIA @ Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NIGERIA<#LINE#>9/7/2011<#LINE#>22/7/2011<#LINE#> This work is based on the procedure for obtaining carbon paste electrode through the sol-gel technique and its application as counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Through the hydrolysis of the precursor (tin II chloride), followed by polycondensation reaction, we were able to obtain our colloidal suspension. Our carbon paste comprises an equal amount of well blended powdered activated carbon (PAC) and natural graphite powder (NGP) mixed with the polymeric sol. The carbon paste was squeezed onto a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. We were able to reduce the sheet resistance of the carbon electrode from 212.1 ohms/square to 15.4 ohms/square. A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) fabricated with the carbon paste electrode and sensitized with chlorin dye showed a photoelectric energy conversion efficiency of 1.01%<#LINE#> @ @ Mansor A.H. and IsmaDioxide (TiO) thin films by sol gel dip coating method, Malaysian J. Chem.,5(1), 086-091 (2003) @No $ @ @ Inanova T., Harizanova A., Surtchev M. and NenovaInvestigation of sol-dioxide doped with vanadium oxide, Cells, 76, 591-598 (2003) @No $ @ @ Klein L.C. and Garvey G.J., Kinetics of the Sol-Gel Transition, J. Non-Cryatalline Solids  1 (38), 45 (1980)@No $ @ @ Brinker C.J., Sol-Gel Transition in Simple Silicates, Non-Crystalline Solids 48, 47 (1982) @No $ @ @ Lenzmann F.O. and Kroon J.M., Recent Advances in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, 10 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kopidakis N., Neale N.R., Lagemaat J. and FrTailoring the Interface to Improve Voc in DyeSensitized Solar Cells, 590-37056, 1-2 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ding I., Melas J., Cevey N.L., Chittibabu K.G., Zakeeruddin S.M., Gratzel M. and McGehee M.D., Deposition of hole-transport matsensitized solar cells by doctor 11, 1217-1222, (2010) @No $ @ @ Waita S.M., Mwabora J.M., Aduda B.O., Niklasson G.A., Lindquist S.E. and Granqvist C.G., Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Fabricated from ObliquelyDC Sputtered TiO2 Films, Afr. J. Sci. Tech., 7 (2), 106-119 (2006) @No $ @ @ Wang L., Xing W., Zhuo S. and Shuping Z., A Novel Counter electrode based on mesoporous carbon for dyesensitized solar cell, Mat. Chem. Phy, 123, 690 – 694 (2010) @No $ @ @ Huang Z., Liu X., Li K., Li D., Luo Y., Li H., Song W., Chen L. and Meng Q., Application of carbon materials as counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, Electrochem. Communications, 9, 596-598, (2007) @No $ @ @ Shustak G., Marx S., Turyan I. and Mandler D., Application of sol-gel technology for electroanalytical sensing, Electroanal., 15, 398 – 408 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ozuomba J.O., Ekpunobi A.J. and Ekwo P.I., The photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cell based on chlorine local dye, Chalcogenide Letters, 8 (3), 155-161 (2011)  @No 
<#LINE#>Antibacterial Potential of Achyranthus aspera Linn Procured from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana, India<#LINE#>Neeta@SharmaRaj,Jyoti@Bala,Anjuvan@Singh,Prabhjot@Kaur<#LINE#>80-82<#LINE#>ISCA-RJCS-2011-150-14.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biotechnology, Lovely School of Bio-Sciences,Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, INDIA <#LINE#>09/8/2011<#LINE#>21/8/2011<#LINE#> Achyranthus aspera, Family: Amaranthaceae was procured from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana regions in the month of January-2010. Methanol extract of dried whole plants of Achyranthus aspera was evaluated against bacterial species viz., Bacillus cereus, Escherchia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii  Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. The plants procured from Himachal Pradesh showed the best antimicrobial activity followed by Punjab and Haryana region respectively. Escherchia coli was maximally inhibited (24mm±0.5) by the plants from Himachal Pradesh region followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (23mm±0.7) and Bacillus cereus (20mm±0.51) at the concentration of 2000µg. The zone of inhibition could not be detected at 500 µg for Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, from all the locations investigated and at 1000 µg also, no inhibition was observed in plant samples collected from Haryana region. All the bacterial species were found susceptible to methanolic extract of whole plants of Achyranthes aspera however at high concentrations. <#LINE#> @ @ Girach R.D. and Khan A.S.A., Ethnomedicinal uses of Achyranthes aspera leaves in Orissa (India), Int. J.Pharmacogn, 30, 113-115 (1992) @No $ @ @ Ghani A., Medicinal Plant of Bangladesh with Chemical Constituents and Uses, 2nd ed. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka., 71-72 (2003) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai N., Folk herbal remedies for gynaecological complaints in Central Nepal, Int J Pharmacogn, 32, 13-26 (1994) @No $ @ @ Tahiliani P. and Kar A., Achyranthes aspera elevates thyroid hormone level and decreasehepatic lipid peroxidation in male rats, J Ethanopharmacol, 71, 527-532 (2000) @No $ @ @ Akhtar M.S. and Iqbal J. Evaluation of the hypoglycaemic effect of Achyranthes aspera, J. Ethnopharmacol, 31, 49-57(1991) @No $ @ @ Bashir  A., El Sayed H. and Amiri M.H. et al.,Antimicrobial activity of certain plants used in the  folk medicine of United Arab Emirates Fitoterapia LXIII., 4,371-5 (1992) @No $ @ @ Sofowora A., Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicines in Africa, Chichester John Wiley and Sons New York.,  97- 145 (1993) @No $ @ @ Trease G.E., Evans W.C., Pharmacology 11th Ed. Bailliere Tindall Ltd, London., 60-75 (1978) @No $ @ @ Kokate C.L., Practical Pharmacolognosy, Vallabh Prakashan publishers, 107-111 (1991) @No $ @ @ Elumalai E.K., Chandrasekaran N., Thirumalai T., Sivakumar C., Viviyan S. and  David E., Achyranthes aspera leaf extracts inhibited fungal growth, International Journal of PharmTech Research., , 1576-1579 (2009) @No $ @ @ Tullanithi K.M, Sharmila B. and Gnanendra., Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and Antimicrobial activity of Achyranthes aspera Linn, T.S International Journal of Biological Technology, 1, 35-38 (2010) @No $ @ @ Londonkar R., Reddy C. and Kumar A., Potential antibacterial and antifungal activity of Achyranthus aspera L. Recent Research  in Science and Technology., 3(4), 53-57 (2011) @No $ @ @ Hasan A., Farman M. and Ahmed I., Flavonoid glycosides from Indigofera hebepetala, Phytochemistry,35, 275-6 (1994) @No $ @ @ Raj Narayana K, Sripal Reddy M, Chaluvadi M.R. and Krishna D.R., Bioflavanoids, classification, pharmacological, biochemical effects and therapeutic potentials,  Ind.J. Pharmacology, 33, 2-16 (2001) @No 
@Review Paper
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This review presents an overview of biofiltration technologies for the control of VOCs and odours, functioning mechanism and its operational parameters. <#LINE#> @ @ Chen X. and Stewart P.S., Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments, Water Res., 34, 4229–4233 (2000) @No $ @ @ Delhomenie M.C. and Heitz M., Biofiltration of air: a review, Critical Rev. Biotechnol., 25, 53–72 (2005) @No $ @ @ Bohn H., Considering biofiltration for decontaminating gases, Chem. Eng. Prog., 88, 34–40 (1992) @No $ @ @ Binot R.A., Paul P., Keuning S., Hartmans S., and Hoop D., Biological air filters. Part 1 – conception and design. Preparing for the future, ESA Technol. Prog. 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