@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Metal Chelates of Hydrazone Ligand Chelating Tendencies of 2-Carboxyphenylhydrazoacetoacetanilide (2-Cphaaa) Ligand<#LINE#>M.@Mostafa<#LINE#>1-14<#LINE#>I1701ISCA-RJCS-2011-101.pdf<#LINE#>Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education Ain Shams University Roxy, Cairo, EGYPT<#LINE#>22/6/2011<#LINE#>15/7/2011<#LINE#>The chelating properties, of hydrazone ligand 2-carboxyphenylhydrarzoacetoacetanilide (2-CPHAAA) (HL) have been studied. A series of binary complexes, of HL with the metal ions Cd(II), Cu(II), Co(II), UO (VI) and Th(IV) were prepared. The binary Cu (II) complexes of 2-CPHAAA was reacted with the ligands 1,10 –phenanthroline (1,10- phen) and 2-amino-4-methyl-pyridine (2 AMP) to form mixed ligand complexes. The structures of all complexes, were elucidated by elemental analyses, conductance, IR ,electronic absorption spectra , magnetic moment, 1HNMR and TG-DSC measurements. The metal –ligand stability constants of the Cu(II), Ni(II) , Co(II) , Zn (II) , Mn(II) , Cd(II) UO(VI), Th(IV) , Sm (III) and Er(III) chelates of 2-CPHAAA were determined in 75%(v/v) dioxane water medium at 10,20,30 and 40 C and µ = 0.10 M KNO. The thermodynamic parameters for the proton – ligand and metal ligand stability constants were obtained by the temperature coefficient method. The thermodynamic functions G and H of the complexes were analyzed in terms of electrostatic (el) and non electrostatic (non) components. The values of H non show a linear variation with the hardness andsoftness (En) of the metal ion. The ternary complexes of 2–CPHAAA complexes of the Th (IV) and UO(VI) with 2AMP or 1,10-phen ligands were studied in 75% (v/v)  dioxane  water solvents.<#LINE#> @ @  Ramadan A.A.T. and El – Inany G.A., Chinese J.  Chem. Soc., 29, 257,249, 29 (1983) @No $ @ @  Ramadan A.A.T., Abu-shanb R.M., Hamada A.A. and Marian A.R., AsianJ. Chem.2, 82 (1990) @No $ @ @  Ramadan A.A.T., Thermochimica Acta,186, 245(1991) @No $ @ @  Mashaly M.M., Ramadan A. A. T., E–shetary B. A. and Dawoud A.K., Synth. React. Inorg. Met-org. Chem.,34,1319 (2004) @No $ @ @  Irving H. M. and Mohnant U. S., J. Inorg. Nucl.Chem., 30, 1215, (1968) @No $ @ @  Goldberg D.F., J. Chem. Educ.,40, 341(1963) @No $ @ @  Sandhu S. S.  and Sharma J. M., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.,42, 1193(1980) @No $ @ @  Gurney W., Ionic Process in Solution MC Graw Hill, New York P 90, (1953) @No $ @ @  Anderegg G., Helv Chim. Acta, 51, 1856 (1968) @No $ @ @  Degisher G. and Nancollas O.H., J. Chem. SOC., 1125 (1970) @No $ @ @  Murakami S. and Yoshing Y., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.,43,2065 (1981) @No $ @ @  Akerlof G., J. Am. Chem. Soc.,54, 4125 (1932) @No $ @ @  Candike G. F. and Martell A. E., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.,33, 245 (1968) @No $ @ @  Sigel H., IUPAC Coordination Chemistry– 20, edited by D. Banergea, Pergmon Press, Oxford (1980) @No $ @ @  Gutmann V., the Donor – Acceptor Approach To Molecular Interactions Prenum, New York (1978) @No $ @ @  Nancollas G.H., Interaction in Electrolytic Solutions Elsevier, Amsterdam (1966) @No $ @ @  Pearson R.G., J. Am. Chem. Soc.,83, 2533 (1963) @No $ @ @  Klopman G., J. Am. Chem.Soc.,90, 233 (1968) @No $ @ @  Yagi Y., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 36, 487, 492, 500, 506, 512 (1963) @No $ @ @  Rizkalla E.N., Ramadan A.A.T. and Seada M.H.,  polyhedron,, 1155 (1983) @No $ @ @  Bansol A., Kumar S. and Singh R.V., Synth. React.Inorg. Met-Org.Chem., 31, 1085 (2001) @No $ @ @  Kervemlu R. and Natarajan K., Synth. React. Inorg. Met.-org. Chem., 31, 743 (2001) @No $ @ @  Puri J.K., Vats V.K. and Miglani A., Synth. React. Inorg.Met.-Org., 31, 471  (2001) @No $ @ @  Bhattacharya S., Ghosh J. and Sur K.P., J. Indian Chem. Soc.,77, 59 (2001) @No $ @ @  Yan C. and Li Y., Synth. React. Inorg. Met- org. Chem., 30, 99 (2000) @No $ @ @  Tang Y., Gran X., Ton M. and Zheng X., Polyhedron, 17, 429 (1998) @No $ @ @  Li J., Zou J., Wu M., Z-XU, You X. and Mak J.C.W., Polyhedron, 14, 3519 (1995) @No $ @ @  Zhang R.H., Wang W., Zhu C., Zhang Y., J.Chem, polyhedron, 14,  3037 (1995) @No $ @ @  Silverstein V.M., Bassler G.C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compound 2nd Ed., J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 104 (1967) @No $ @ @  Asmy A.A., Khalife M.E., El-Defrawy M.M., Asker E.I. and Abdallah A-M., Synth. React.Inorg. Met-Org.Chem., 26, 2452 (1996) @No $ @ @  Gupta M. and Srivastravi M.W., Synth. React. Inorg.Chem., 26, 30 (1996) @No $ @ @  Puri J.K., Vats V.K. and Miglani A., Synth. React. Inorg. Met-Org. Chem., 31, 1063 (2001) @No $ @ @  Surbramanian P.S., Dav P.V., Boricha V.P. and Srinivus D., polyhedron 17, 443 (1995) @No
<#LINE#>Biological Treatment of Cyanide Containing Wastewater<#LINE#>Naveen@Dwivedi,C.B.@Majumder,P.@Mondal,Shubha@Dwivedi<#LINE#>15-21<#LINE#>I1702ISCA-RJCS-2011-102.pdf<#LINE#>Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun-248007, U.K., INDIA @ Department of Biotechnology, S.D. College of Engineering and Technology, Muzaffarnagar-251001, UP, INDIA @ Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, UK, INDIA <#LINE#>23/6/2011<#LINE#>18/7/2011<#LINE#>Cyanide compounds are released in to the water stream from a number of industrial effluent and several routes including biodegradation for their removal from the waste water are under investigation. The present review describes the mechanism and advances in the use of biological treatment for the removal of cyanide compounds and its advantages over other treatment processes. It also includes various microbial pathways for their removal. The feasibility of the concomitant biogas generation during anaerobic biodegradation of cyanide has also been described.  A comparative study has been done on the efficiency of aerobic and anaerobic biological degradation of cyanide. The limitations of this process have also been discussed. <#LINE#> @ @ Dash R.R., Gaur A. and Majumderbalo C., Cyanide in industrial wastewaters and its removal: A review on biotreatment, J. Hazard. Mater.,163(1), 1-11 (2009) @No $ @ @ Eisler R., Cyanide hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep., 85(1.23),(1991) @No $ @ @ U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Ambient water quality criteria for cyanide. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., (59),(1985) @No $ @ @ Knowles C., Micro-organisms and Cyanide, Biolo. Rev.,(40), 652-680 (1976) @No $ @ @ Seigler D.S. 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Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference on Hazardous Waste Research, Great Plains/Rocky Mountain Hazardous Substance Research Center, Kansas State University, Kansas, 104-129 (1995) @No $ @ @ Raybuck SA., Microbes and microbial enzymes for cyanide degradation, Biodegradation, (3), 3-18 (1992) @No $ @ @ Dubey S.K. and Holmes D.S., Biological cyanide destruction mediated by microorganisms, World J Microbiol Biotechnol, (11), 257 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ezzi-Mufaddal I, Lynch James M., Cyanide catabolizing enzymes in Trichoderma spp., Enzyme Microb Technol, (31),1042-1047 (2002) @No $ @ @ Barclay M., Day J.C., Thompson I.P., Knowles C.J. and Bailey MJ., Substrate-regulated cyanide hydratase (chy) gene expression in Fusarium solani: the potential of a transcription-based assay for monitoring the biotransformation of cyanide complexes, Environ Microbiol, (4), 183-189 (2002) @No $ @ @ O’Reilly C and Turner P.D., The nitrilase family of C.N. hydrolyzing enzymes: a comparative study, Jr. Appl. Microbiol., (95), 1161-1174 (2003) @No $ @ @ Kwon H.K., Woo S.H. and Park J.M., Thiocyanate degradation by Acremonium strictum and inhibition by secondary toxicants, Biotechnol. Lett.,  (24), 1347-1351 (2002) @No $ @ @ Sorokin D.Y., Tourova T.P., Lysenko A.M. and Kuenen J.G., Microbial thiocyanate utilization under highly alkaline conditions, Appl. Biochem. Microbiol.,(67),528-538 (2001) @No $ @ @ Gurbuz F., Hasan C. and Akcil A., and Karahan A.G., Microbial detoxification of cyanide solutions: a new biotechnological approach using algae, Hydrometallurgy, (72), 167-176 (2004) @No $ @ @ Gurbuz F., Hasan C., Akcil A., Biodegradation of cyanide containing effluents by Scenedesmus obliquus, J. Hazard. Mater,16(1), 74-79 (2009) @No $ @ @ Akcil A., Karahan A.G., Ciftci H. and Sagdic O. Biological treatment of cyanide by natural isolated bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.) Mineral Engg, (16), 643-649 (2003) @No $ @ @ Harris R. and Knowles C.J. Isolation and growth of a Pseudomonas species that utilizes cyanide as a source of nitrogen, J. Gen. Microbial., (129), 1005-1011 (1983) @No $ @ @ Patil Y.B. and Paknikar K.M., Development of a process for biodetoxification of metal cyanides from wastewater, Pro. Biochem,(35), 1139-1151 (2000) @No $ @ @ Dumestre A., Chone T., Portal J., Gerard M., and Berthelin J., Cyanide degradation under alkaline conditions by a strain of Fusarium solani isolated from contaminated soils, Appl. Environ. Micro, 2729-2734 (1997) @No $ @ @ Gantzer C.J. and Maier W.J.,  Biological degradation of cyanide by nitrogen-fixing     Cyanobacteria, EPA/600/S2-90/34, risk reduction engineering laboratory, Cincinnati, O.H. (1990) @No $ @ @ Kwon H.K., Woo S.H., Sung J.Y. and Park J.M.,Degradation of tetracyanonickelate (II) by Cryptococcus humicolus in biofilm reactors. www.postech.ac.kr/lab/ce/great/publication/interconfer/interconfer22.pdf @No 
<#LINE#>Biomethanation of Water Hyacinth, Poultry Litter, Cow Manure and Primary Sludge: A Comparative Analysis<#LINE#>J.H.@Patil,Lourdu@Molayan,Raj@Antony,Vinaykumar@Shetty,Manjunath@Hosur,Srinidhi@Adiga<#LINE#>22-26<#LINE#>I1703ISCA-RJCS-2011-124.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore-560059, INDIA<#LINE#>22/5/2011<#LINE#>29/5/2011<#LINE#>Facing energy crisis and climate change, the world is in need of a green, efficient, carbon-neutral energy source to replace fossil fuels. Biogas, produced by biomethanation of organic materials, contributes to sustainable, reliable and renewable energy. There is potential for biogas production from animal manure, energy crops and industrial wastes not only because the wastes themselves can be treated to minimize the environmental impact, but also for biofuel methane, which holds promise for the future. In the present study biomethanation of fresh water hyacinth, dry water hyacinth, poultry litter, cow manure and primary sludge were studied in a series of laboratory experiments using 250 ml biodigesters with 7% total solids and 60 days retention time. The digester fed with poultry litter produced highest biogas of 0.39 liters/g VS followed by the digester fed with primary sludge (0.28 liters/g VS). <#LINE#> @ @ Budiyano I.N. Widiasa Johari and Sunarso S.,  Increasing biogas production rate from cattle manure using rumen fluid as inoculums, International Journal of Chemical and Basic & Applied Sciences, 10), 68-75 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sen Z., Global warming threat on water resources and environment: a review, Environmental Geology, 57, 321-329 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mills D.M.MA., Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and US Health Impacts: What Can We Say?, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51),  26-32 (2009) @No $ @ @ Jørgensen P.J., Biogas: Green Energy. II edition. PlanEnergi and Researcher for a Day – Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University (2009) @No $ @ @ Verstraete W. Morgan Sagastume  F. Aiyuk S. Waweru M. Rabaey K and Lissens G., Anaerobic digestion as a core technology in sustainable management of organic matter, Water Science and Technology, 52 1-2), 59-66 (2005) @No $ @ @ Angelidaki I. Ellegaard L and Ahring B.K., Applications of the anaerobic digestion procss. In: Ahring, B.K. Biomethanation II edition. Springer Berlin, 1- 33 (2003) @No $ @ @ Parawira W. Murto M. Read J.S. and Mattiasson B., Profile of hydrolases andbiogas production during two-stage mesophilic anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste, Process Biochemistry, 40), 2945-2952 (2005) @No $ @ @ Jagadish H Patil. MALourdu Antony Raj and Gavimath C.C.,  Impact of dilution on biomethanation of fresh water hyacinth, International Journal of Chemical Sciences and Applications, ), 86-90 (2011b) @No $ @ @ APHA, AWWA and WPCF,  Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water,  Washington D.C., 19 (1995) @No $ @ @ H. Patil Jagadish, Lourdu M.A. Antony Raj and Gavimath C,C., Study on effect of pretreatment methods on biomethanation of water hyacinth, International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research,  ), 143-147 (2011a) @No $ @ @ Luengo P.L. and Alvarez J.M., Influence of temperature, buffer, composition and straw particle length on the anaerobic digestion of wheat straw-pig manure mixtures, Resources, Conservation and Recycling), 27-37 (1988) @No $ @ @ Kanwar S.S. and Kalia A.K., Anaerobic fermentation of sheep droppings for biogas production, World journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, ,174-175 (1992) @No $ @ @ Schink B.A. and Stams J.M., Syntrophism among prokaryotes. In: Dworkin M. (Ed.), The prokaryotes: an evolving electronic resource for the microbiological community, 3rd Ed. Springer, New York (2005) @No $ @ @ Sadaka S.S. and Engler C.R., Effect of initial total solids on composting of raw manure with biogas recovery. Composite Sci. and Utilization, 11), 361-369 (2003) @No $ @ @ Sadaka S.S. and Engler C.R., Effect of initial total solids on composting of raw manure with biogas recovery.Composite Sci. and Utilization, 11(4), 361-369 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ojolo S.J. Oke S.A., Animasahun K and B.K., Adesuyi.,Utilization Of Poultry, Cow And Kitchen Wastes For Biogas Production: A Comparative Analysis, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng., 4(4), 223-228 (2007) @No $ @ @ Angelidaki I. Ellegaard L. Sorensen A.H. and Schmidt J.E., Anaerobic processes. In: Angelidaki I, editor.Environmental biotechnology. Institute of Environment and Resources, Technical University of Denmark(DTU), 1-114 (200) @No
<#LINE#>Effect of Heavy metal and Magnesium Sulfate on Properties of Blended Cement Mortar<#LINE#>BabuG.@Reddy,B.Madhusudana@Reddy,N.Venkata@Ramana,Sashidhar@C.<#LINE#>27-32<#LINE#>I1704ISCA-RJCS-2011-127.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam Haranadha Reddy Institute of Technology, Guntur -522019, (A.P.), INDIA @ Dept. of Civil Engineering, S V U College of Engineering, S V University, Tirupati -517502, (A.P.), INDIA @ Dept of Civil Engineering, J N T U A College of Engineering, J N T U A, Anantapur - 515 002, (A.P.), INDIA  <#LINE#>23/7/2011<#LINE#>30/7/2011<#LINE#>The effect of cadmium (Cd) present in mixing water on compressive strength, setting times, soundness and magnesium sulfate attack of high strength cement mortar was experimentally evaluated. Cement mortar specimens were cast using deionised water and cadmium (Cd) spiked deionized water for reference and test specimens as mixing waters respectively. On comparison with reference specimens, at higher concentrations of cadmium in mixing water, test samples had shown considerable loss of strength and also their setting times had significantly increased. However, at 2000 mg/L concentration of cadmium (Cd), the compressive strength marginally increased. Apart from that when reference specimens and test specimens were immersed in various concentrations of magnesium sulfate solution at different immersed ages, the loss in compressive strength was found  to have been a slightly less in test specimens than that in reference specimens. XRD technique was employed to find out main compounds. <#LINE#> @ @ Neville A., water and concrete-A love-hate relationship,Point view, Concrete International, 22, 34-38 (2000) @No $ @ @ Reddy Babu G., Sudarsana Rao H. and Reddy Ramana. I.V., Effect of metal ions in industrial wastewater on cement setting, strength development and hardening, The Indian concrete Journal, 83, 43-48 (2009) @No $ @ @ Hooton R.D., Influence of silica fume replacement of cement on physical properties and resistance to sulfate attack, freezing, thawing and alkali silica reactivity, ACI Materials journal, 90, , 143-151 (1993) @No $ @ @ Steinour Harold H., Concrete mix water-How impure it can be? P.C.A Research and Development Labs, 2, 32-50 (1990) @No $ @ @ Reddy Babu G., Effect of metal ions in industrial wastewater on setting, compressive strength, hardening and soundness of cement, Ph D, Thesis submitted to J N T University Anantapur (2009) @No $ @ @ Reddy Babu G., Sudarsana Rao H, and Reddy Ramana. I.V., Use of Treated Industrial Wastewater as Mixing Water in Cement Works, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology Journal, 6, 595-600 (2007) @No $ @ @ Mindess S. and Young J.F., Concrete Prentice-Hall, Inc, Engle wood Cliffs, 112-116 (1981) @No $ @ @ Tay J.H. and Yip W.K., Use of reclaimed wastewater for concrete mixing, ASCE, 113, 1156-1161(1987) @No $ @ @ Reddy Ramana I.V., Reddy Prasad, N.R.S., Reddy Babu G., Kotaiah B. and Chiranjeevi P., Effect of biological contaminated water on cement mortar properties, The Indian Concrete journal, 80, 13-19 (2006) @No $ @ @ Cebeci O.Z. and Saatci A.M., Domestic sewage as mixing water in concrete, ACI Journal, 86, 503-506 (1989) @No $ @ @ Tashiro C., Proceedings of the 7th International congress of chemistry of cement, Paris, 11, 11-37 (1980) @No $ @ @ Barth E.E., Solidification of hazardous wastes, park Ridge, New York, Noyes data (1990) @No $ @ @ Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Rasheeduzzafar., Maslehuddin M., and Abduljawad S.N., Influence of chloride ions on sulphate deterioration in plain and blended cements, Mag Concr.Res, 46 (167), 113-123 (1994) @No $ @ @ Al-Amoudi O.S.B., Abduljawad S.N., Rasheeduzzafar., and Maslehuddin M., Effect of chloride and sulphate contamination in soils on corrosion of steel and concrete, Transport Res Rec, 1345, 67-73 (1992) @No $ @ @ Knudsen T., Quantitative analysis of the compound composition of cement and cement clinker by X – ray diffraction, American ceramic society bulletin, 55 (12),1052-1055 (1976) @No
<#LINE#>Validated HPTLC Method for the Determination of Tenofovir as Bulk Drug and in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form<#LINE#>Pradeep@Kumar,S.C.@Dwivedi,Ashok@Kushnoor<#LINE#>33-37<#LINE#>I1705ISCA-RJCS-2011-135.pdf<#LINE#>School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan INDIA @ Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh INDIA <#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#>11/8/2011<#LINE#> A simple, accurate, precise and rapid high performance thin layer chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Tenofovir in tablet dosage forms. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60 F 254 as the stationary phase. The mobile phase used was a mixture of (Chloroform: Methanol 8.5: 1.5v/v). The detection of spot was carried out at 270nm. The calibration curve was found to be linear between 200 to 1200 ng mL-1 with regression coefficient of 0.9994. The proposed method can be successfully used to determine the drug content of marketed formulation. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by recovery studies and found to be 98.39 to 101.19 %. The proposed method is applicable to routine analysis of Tenofovir in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed method was validated according to various ICH parameters like linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, range and solution stability.<#LINE#> @ @ http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00300 (2016) @No $ @ @ Kathy S., Gilead Sciences Inc., said the Food and Drug Administration granted approval to market Viread for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121849463154631469.html? mod=us _business_whats_news (2008) @No $ @ @ Sudha T., Saminathan J., Hemalatha P.V. and  Ravikumar V.R., Estimation of Tenofovir and Emtricitabine in bulk and in tablet Dosage form by Spectrophotometric method, International Journal of Biopharmaceutics, , 26-30 (2010) @No $ @ @ Swapnil A. and Monali A.S, et al., Simultaneous determination of emtricitabine and Tenofovir by area under curve and dual wavelength spectrophotometric method, J. Chil Chem., 55, 115-117 (2010) @No $ @ @ Mirna B., Marie G., Jérôme, Relevance of a combined UV and single mass spectrometry detection for the determination of tenofovir in human plasma by HPLC in therapeutic drug monitoring, Journal of Chromatography B., 854 (1),192-197(2007) @No $ @ @ Todd J., Kavita M., Judit F., Theodore H., Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 39(4), 203-212 (2010) @No $ @ @ Nirogi R, Bhyrapuneni G, Kandikere V, Mudigonda , Komarneni P, Aleti R, Mukkanti K.,Simultaneous quantification of a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor tenofovir in plasma by liquid chromatography positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry,Biomed Chromatogr, 23(4), 371-81(2009) @No $ @ @ Kandagal P.B., Manjunatha D.H., Seetharamappa J.S.,  Kalanur S, RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Tenofovir in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Spiked Human Plasma, Analytical letters, 41(4), 561–570 (2008) @No $ @ @ O. Onah Johnson and Ajima Ukpe, Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir  Disoproxil Fumarate After Complexation With Ammonium Molybdate and Picric Acid, International Journal of Drug Development & Research, 3(1), 199-204(2011) @No $ @ @ O. Onah Johnson and Ajima Ukpe , Quantitative Analysis of Tenofovir by Titrimetric, Extractive Ion-pair Spectophotometric and Charge-Transfer Complexation Methods, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10 (1), 89- 96(2011) @No $ @ @ International Conference on Harmonization (ICH),Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2 (R1), November (2005)  @No
<#LINE#>Adsorptive Removal of Crystal Violet Dye Using Agricultural Waste Cocoa (theobroma cacao) Shell<#LINE#>Chinniagounder@Theivarasu,Shanker@Mylsamy,Sivakumar@Nageswaran<#LINE#>38-45<#LINE#>I1706ISCA-RJCS-2011-139.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore - 641004, INDIA @ Department of Chemistry, Chikkanna Arts College, Tirupur- 641602, INDIA <#LINE#>03/8/2011<#LINE#>11/8/2011<#LINE#>In this study, the ability of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao)Shell Activated Carbon (CSAC) to adsorb Crystal Violet (CV) dye from aqueous solution was investigated. Activated carbon was prepared from cocoa shell, an agricultural waste and batch mode adsorption experiments were conducted. The influence of various factors such as initial concentration (20, 40, 60,80mg/lt), contact time, pH (1.0-10.0) and carbon dosage on the adsorption capacity were investigated and optimal experimental conditions was ascertained. Adsorption data were modeled using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Raduskevich (DR) adsorption isotherms. Adsorption kinetics was verified by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The kinetic adsorption data fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model well and also followed the intra-particle diffusion model. The results indicated that CSAC could be employed as low cost adsorbent in waste water treatment for the removal of CV. <#LINE#> @ @ Namasivayam C., Radhika R. and  Suba S., Uptake of dyes by a promising locally available agricultural solid waste: coir pith, Waste Manag., 21, 381-387 (2001) @No $ @ @ Gupta G.S., Prasad G. and Singh V.N., Removal of chrome dye from aqueous solutions by mixed adsorbents: fly ash and coal, Water Res.,24, 45–50 (1990) @No $ @ @ Neamtu M., Yediler A., Siminiceanu I., Macoveanu M. and Kellrup A., Decolorization of disperse red 354 azo dye in water by several oxidation processes -a comparative study, Dyes Pigments, 60, 61–68 (2004) @No $ @ @ Wahi R.K., Yu W.W., Liu Y.P., Meija M.L., Falkner J.C., Nolte W. and Colvin V.L.,  Photodegradation of Congo Red catalyzed by nanosized TiO2,  J. Molecular Catal. A: Chem.,242, 48–56 (2005) @No $ @ @ Mounir Bennajaha, Yassine Darmaneb, Mohammed Ebn Touhamic and Mostapha  Maalmia, A variable order kinetic model to predict defluoridation of drinking water by electrocoagulation-electroflotation,  Int .J. Engg. Sci. Tech.,2(12), 42-52 (2010) @No $ @ @ McKay G., Blair H.S. and Gardner J.R., Adsorption of dyes on chitin. I. Equilibrium studies, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,27, 3043-3057 (1982) @No $ @ @ Monash P. and Pugazhenthi G., Adsorption of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using mesoporous materials synthesized at room temperature, Adsorption, 15, 390-405 (2009) @No $ @ @ Pollard S.J.T., Fowler G.D., Sollars C.J. and Perry R., Low-cost adsorbents for waste and wastewater treatment: a review, Sci. Total Environ., 116, 31-32 (1992) @No $ @ @ Geopaul N., Some methods for the utilization of waste from fibre crops and fibre wastes from other crops,  Agri Waste., 2, 313-318 (1980) @No $ @ @ El-Geundi M.S., External mass transport processes during the adsorption of basic dyestuffs onto Maize Cob, Adsor.  Sci.  Technol., 7(3), 124-132 (1990) @No $ @ @ Somasekhara Reddy M.C., Removal of direct dye from aqueous solutions with an adsorbent made from tamarind fruit shell, an agricultural solid waste, J. Sci. Ind. Res., 65, 443-446 (2006) @No $ @ @ Namasivayam C. and Kavitha  D., Removal of congo red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste, Dyes Pigments,54, 47-58 (2002) @No $ @ @ Senthil Kumar P., Ramalingham S., Senthamarai C., Niranjanaa M., Vijayalakshmi P. and      Sivanesan S., Adsorption of dye from aqueous solution by cashew nut shell: Studies on equilibrium isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamics of interactions, Desalination,261, 52–60 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ofomaja A.E.  and Ho Y.S., Equilibrium sorption of anionic dye from aqueous solution by palm kernel fibre as sorbent, Dyes Pigments,74, 60–66 (2007) @No $ @ @ Namasivayam C. and Kanchana N., Waste banana pith as adsorbent for colour removal from wastewaters, Chemosphere,25, 1691-1705 (1992) @No $ @ @ Malik P.K., Dye removal from wastewater using activated carbon developed from sawdust: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, J. Hazard. Mater., B113, 81–88 (2004) @No $ @ @ Hameed B.H., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of methyl violet sorption by agricultural waste, J. Hazard. Mater., 154, 204-212 (2008) @No $ @ @ Theivarasu C., Mylsamy S. and Sivakumar N., Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic studies of adsorption of Congo Red Aqueous Solution onto COCOA Shell Activated Carbon,  Res. J, Chem. Env., 15(2), 34-38 (2011) @No $ @ @ Kannan N., A study on removal of nickel by adsorption on flyash. Ind. J. Env. Prot., 11(7), 514-518 (1991) @No $ @ @ Minguang Dai, Mechanism of Adsorption for Dyes on Activated Carbon, J. Colloid  Interface Sci., 198,  6-10 (1998) @No $ @ @ Do
gan M., Ozdemir Y. and Alkan M., Adsorption kinetics and mechanism of cationic methyl violet and methylene blue dyes onto sepiolite,  Dyes Pigments,75,701–713 (2007) @No $ @ @ Anoop Krishnan K., Sreejalekshmi K.G. and Sumol Varghese, Adsorption retention of citric acid onto        activated carbon derived from Hevea braziliansis sawdust: Kinetic and isotherm overview,        Desalination, 257, 46-52 (2010) @No $ @ @   Hall K.R., Eagleton L.C., Acrivos A. and Vermeulen T., Pore-and solid-diffusion kinetics in fixed-bed         adsorption under constant-pattern conditions,  I&EC Fundam.,5, 212–223 (1966) @No $ @ @ Siew-Ling Hii, Su-Yee Yong and Ching-Lee Wong, Removal of rhodamine B from aqueous solution by sorption on Turbinaria conoides(Phaeophyta),  J. Appl. Phycol.,21, 625-631 (2009) @No $ @ @ Gamal Owes El-Sayed, Removal of methylene blue and crystal violet from aqueous solutions by palm kernel fiber, Desalination,272, 225-232 (2011) @No $ @ @ Aysun Ergene, Kezban Ada, Sema Tan and Hikmet Katiciolu, Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto immobilized Scenedasmus quadricauda: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling studies, Desalination 249, 1308-1314 (2009) @No $ @ @ Adraina S., Franca, Leandro S., Oliveria and Mauro E., Ferreira, Kinetics and equilibrium studies of methylene blue adsorption by spent coffee grounds, Desalination,249, 267-272 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ho Y.S. and McKay G., A Two-Stage batch sorption optimized design for dye removal to minimize contact time, TransIChemE, 76(B), 183-191 (1998) @No $ @ @ Wong S.Y., Tan Y.P., Abdullah A.H. and Ong S.T., Removal of Basic Blue 3 and Reactive Orange 16 by Adsorption onto quartenized Sugarcane Bagasse, Mal. J.Anal. Sci., 13(2), 185-193 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ahmed El Nemr, Ola Abdelwahab, Amany El-Sikaily and Azza Khaled, Removal of Direct blue-86 fromaqueous solution by new activated carbon developed from orange peel, J. Hazard. Mater.,161,102-110 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kannan K. and Sundaram  M.M., Kinetics and mechanism of removal of  methylene blue by adsorption on various carbons - a comparative study, Dyes Pigments,51, 25-40 (2001) @No $ @ @ Panday K.K., Prasad G. and Singh V.N., Mixed adsorbent for Cu(II) removal from aqueous  solutions, Environ. Technol. Lett.,50(7), 547-554 (1986) @No
<#LINE#>Corrosion Inhibition Studies of Mild Steel by New Inhibitor in Different Corrosive Medium<#LINE#>B.S.@Shylesha,T.V.@Venkatesha,Praveen@B.M.<#LINE#>46-50<#LINE#>I1707ISCA-RJCS-2011-143.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of PG Studies and Research in Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577451, INDIA @ Dept. of Chemistry, Srinivas School of Engineering, Mukka, 575021, Mangalore, INDIA<#LINE#>06/8/2011<#LINE#>10/8/2011<#LINE#> 2 – methyl -3- (trifluromethyl) aniline was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M HSO separately using mass loss and electrochemical studies. The inhibition efficiencies were evaluated at different concentrations of the inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in inhibitor concentration. Electrochemical studies showed that the inhibitor is of mixed type with a slight predominance of anodic character. The inhibitor was more active in HCl than in HSO. The maximum inhibition efficiency approached at 0.20 m M in both the acid medium. The surface morphology of mild steel in the presence and absence of inhibitor was studied by using SEM images. <#LINE#> @ @   Trabanelli G., Inhibitors-An Old Remedy for a New Challenge, Corrosion., 47, 410 -419 (1991) @No $ @ @  Abd S.S., El-Rehim, Ibrahim M.A.M. and Khalid K.F., 4-Aminoantipyrine as an inhibitor of mild steel     corrosion in HCl solution, J Appl. Electrochem, 29(5),  593-599 (1999) @No $ @ @  Abd S.S., El-Rehim, Relay S.A.M., Taha F., Saleh M.B. and Ahmed R.A., Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in    Acidic Medium using 2-amino Thiophenoland 2-Cyanomethyl Benzothiazole, J Appl. Electrochem.,31 (4), 429 – 435 (2001) @No $ @ @    Quraishi M.A., Sardar R. and Jamal., corrosion inhibition of mold steel in hydrochloric acid by some aromatic hydrzides, Mater. Chem. Phys., 71 (3) 30 -313 (2001) @No $ @ @   Rajappa S.K. and Venkatesha T.V., New condensation products as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in an hydrochloric acid medium, Indian J Eng. Mater  Sci,.9), 213 -217 (2002) @No $ @ @   Quraishi M.A. and Danish Jamal., Dianils as new and effective corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in acidic solutions,   Mater. Chem. Phys., 78(3), 608– 613 (2003) @No $ @ @   Prabhu R.A.,  Shanbhag A.V. and   Venkatesha T.V., Influence of tramadol [2-[(dimethylamino) methyl]-1-(3-      methoxyphenylcyclohexanolhydrate] on corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic media, J.App. Electrochem,37(4), 491-497 (2007) @No $ @ @ Singh Ashish Kumar and Quraishi M.A., Effect of Cefazolin on the corrosion of  mild steel in HCl solution,     Corros. Sci., 52(1), 152–160 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ahamad I., Gupta C., Prasad R. and Quraishi M.A., An experimental and theoretical investigation of adsorption characteristics of a Schiff base compound as corrosion inhibitor at mild steel/hydrochloric acid interface, J Appl Electrochem, 40(12), 2171–2183 (2010) @No $ @ @  Ahamad  Ishtiaque, Prasad Rajendra and Quraishi M.A., Adsorption and inhibitive properties of some new Mannich bases of Isatin derivatives on corrosion of mild steel in acidic media, Corros. Sci., 52 (4), 1472–1481 (2010) @No $ @ @  Aljourani J., Golozar M.A., and Raeissi K., The inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in hydrochloric and sulfuric acid media using some benzimidazole derivatives, Mater. Chem. Phys., 121(12), 320–325 (2010) @No $ @ @  Shanbhag A.V., Venkatesha T.V., Prabhu R.A., Kalkhambkar R.G. and  Kulkarni G.M., Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in acidic medium using  hydrazide derivatives, J Appl. Electrochem,38 (3), 279–287 (2008) @No $ @ @  Ying Yan., Weihua Li., Lankun Cai. and Baorong Hou., Electrochemical and quantum chemical study of purines as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1 M HCl solution,  Electrochim. Acta,53 (20), 5953–5960 (2008) @No $ @ @  Popova A., Raicheva S., Sokolova E. and Christov M.,Frequency Dispersion of the Interfacial Impedance at Mild Steel Corrosion in Acid Media in the Presence of Benzimidazole Derivatives, Langmuir, 12 (8), 2083-2089 (1996) @No
<#LINE#>Investigation of a Novel Solar Powered Absorption Refrigeration System with Solar Point Collector<#LINE#>V.@Velmurugan,S.R@RajaBalayanan,SurendhraBabu@K.,D.@Sakthivadivel<#LINE#>51-56<#LINE#>I1708ISCA-RJCS-2011-146.pdf<#LINE#>Professor and Principal, Sree Sakthi engineering college, Coimbatore-641006, INDIA @ Centre for Energy Studies, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore-641006, INDIA @ The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Bangalore, INDIA<#LINE#>08/8/2011<#LINE#>17/8/2011<#LINE#>The design of energy systems becomes more important due to limitations of fossil fuels and the environmental impact during their use. Energy systems are complex as they involve in economic, technical and environmental factors. There are no thermally driven absorption refrigeration machines available on the market which could provide small-capacity cooling for domestic housing applications as well as hotel rooms of less than 10 kW at present. This paper presents a detailed description of a new solar-based refrigeration system using three fluid ammonia-hydrogen/water (NH3-H/HO) vapour absorption systems. This technique uses solar energy to produce cold air and does not pollute the environment.<#LINE#> @ @  Denholm P., The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States, Technical Report  NREL/TP-640-41157 (2007) @No $ @ @  Carg H.P., Treatise on solar energy, Volume 1: Fundamentals of solar energy, John Wiley, New York., (1982) @No $ @ @  Duffie J.A. and Beckman W.A., Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1991) @No $ @ @  Duffie J.A. and Beckman W.A. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. John Wiley, New York (1991) @No $ @ @  Susan Jennifer White, Bubble Pump Design and Performance, The Academic Faculty, Georgia Institute of Technology (2001) @No $ @ @  Marc Delorme, Reinhard Six, Sabrine Berthaud Technical overview of active techniques Promoting Solar Air Conditioning (2004) @No $ @ @  Li.N.F and Sumathy K, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4, Technology development in the solar absorption air-conditioning systems (2000) @No $ @ @  Pongsid Srikhirin, Satha Aphornratana, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Investigation of a diffusion absorption refrigerator (2002) @No $ @ @  Ashrae, Ashrae Handbook: Fundamental vol. (1993) @No $ @ @  Kuehn T.H, Ramsey J.W. and Threlkeld J.L, Thermal Environmental Engineering, third ed, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1998) @No $ @ @  Soteris Kalogirou, Recent Patents in Absorption Cooling Systems,  Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering, 58-64,Bentham Science Publishers Ltd (2008) @No $ @ @  Denholm P., The Technical Potential of Solar Water Heating to Reduce Fossil Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States, Technical Report  NREL/TP-640-41157 (2007) @No $ @ @  Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia, Electrical Energy Equipment: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, (1992) @No
<#LINE#>Use of Activated Persulfate in the Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbons From Crude Oil Polluted Soils<#LINE#>D.@Achugasim,L.C.@Osuji,C.M.@Ojinnaka<#LINE#>57-67<#LINE#>I1709ISCA-RJCS-2011-161.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, NIGERIA<#LINE#>17/8/2011<#LINE#>05/9/2011<#LINE#>Persulfates as very strong oxidants, have found a wide range of applications. Prominent among these is its use in the oxidation of organic contaminants especially hydrocarbons in the environment. Since crude oil is made up of mainly hydrocarbons, it follows that persulfates can be used in the remediation of crude oil polluted soils. The three prominent hydrocarbon groups - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH); benzene,toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX); and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are used in this work to study the ability of persulfates to degrade hydrocarbons in crude oil inundated soils. This was done by spiking soil samples with bonnylight crude oil and subsequently treating the mixture with potassium persulfate solution at acidic, neutral and basic pH ranges. Oil extracts from the treated and an untreated soil samples were later analysed using a gas chromatograph (GC). Efficiency of hydrocarbon removal was selective. While persulfate was good in the removal of the BTEX, it was found not  to be  so effective in the removal of the PAHs. Percentage hydrocarbon removal for BTEX was about 97%, 95% and 95% at acidic, neutral and basic pH ranges respectively but less than 27%, 3% and 41%, for the PAHs at the acidic  neutral and basic pH ranges respectively . The four and five ringed PAHs were degraded more than the three and two ringed ones at the indicated pH ranges. The complete disappearance of the nC20 and above hydrocarbons at the neutral pH range was noteworthy. <#LINE#> @ @ Ojinnaka C.M., Maduako A.U.C. and Ofunne G.C. The role of metal in the oxidative degradation of automotive crankcase oil, Tribol.  Interl., 29(2) 153-160. (1996) @No $ @ @ Liang C., Bruell C.J. and Sperry K.L., Thermally activated persulfate oxidation of Trichloroethane  in aqueous systems and Soil slurries. Soil and Sedi, Conta.  12 (2)  207-208 (2003) @No $ @ @ Karpenko O., Karpenko E., Lubenets V. & Novikov V., Chemical oxidants for remediation of contaminated soil and water; A review; Chem. & Chem. Tech.    (1), 41- 45  (2009) @No $ @ @ Scullion J. Activated persulphate oxidation of trichloroethylene and diesel hydrocarbons, J. of plant and natur. soil sci. 164  631-635 (2006) @No $ @ @ Achugasim O., Manilla P.N, and Okoye I.P. An Introduction to Organic Reaction Mechanisms, 98(2011) @No $ @ @ Goi A., Trapido M. and Kulik NContaminated soil remediation with hydrogen peroxide oxidation. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology B., Chemical and Materials Engineering, 2 (3) 144-148(2009) @No $ @ @ Osuji L.C., Egbuson E.J. and Ojinnaka C. MChemical reclaimation of crude oil inundated soils from Niger Delta. Chem. and Ecol.,  21(1) 1-10 (2005) @No $ @ @ Kyn B., Maung A.T., Begum B., Hagne M., Hemanka S. and Sudraja H. Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbon Polluted Soils using Fenton’s Reagent. J. of App. Sci. in Environ. Sanit.V (N) 63-68 (2009) @No $ @ @ KislenkoV.N., Berlin A.A. and Litovchenko N.V Kinetics of Glucose Oxidation with Persulfate ions catalyzed by Iron salts, Russ. J. of Gen. Chem.  65 (7)  1092-1096 (1995 ) @No $ @ @ Philip A.B., Richard A.B. and David R. Novel activation Technologies for Sodium Persulfate In Situ Chemical Oxidation. Proceedings of the fourth international conference on the remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds (2004) @No
<#LINE#>Comparative Study of Batch Adsorption of Fluoride Using Commercial and Natural Adsorbent<#LINE#>DasKumar@Malay,J.Salim@Attar<#LINE#>68-75<#LINE#>I1710ISCA-RJCS-2011-164.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune, INDIA <#LINE#>17/8/2011<#LINE#>01/9/2011<#LINE#> Fluoride is an essential constituents for both humans and animals depending on the total amount ingested or its concentration in drinking water. The presence of fluoride in drinking water, within permissible limits of 0.5-1.0 mg/l, is beneficial for the production and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth, while excessive intake of fluoride causes dental and skeletal fluorosis. An attempt is made to study the various materials available with special reference to different methods of defluoridation and different natural adsorbents used for defluoridation by adsorption technique. Different activated adsorbent samples like activated alumina, activated bauxite, Activated rice husk were taken and equilibrium studies were conducted to find a suitable adsorbent. The results obtained from these studies are presented in this report<#LINE#> @ @ Bulsu K.R. and Nawlakhe W.G. “Defluoridation of water using Activated Alumina Batch operation” Journal of Environ., Health, 30, 262-264 (1988) @No $ @ @ Bhakuni T.S., Shastry C.A, “An Overview of Defluoridation Methods”, Indian Water Works Associ.,37, 265-282 (1999) @No $ @ @ Balinski, C.W. and Wlodzimerz, M.J., “Cause”, Effects And Remedial options for in Drinking Water “Journal of Chem Engg, 81, 121-127 (1981) @No $ @ @ Rubel N. And Wooley, “Batch Studies of Water Defluoridation Using Activated Alumina”, Journal of Waste process Chem. Engg., 63, 848-859 (1992) @No $ @ @ Chari K.V., Rao R.J. and Naidu, MGC “Fluorine Content of Raw Vegetables, Foods Available At Podili, Andhrapradesh.”Proceeding of The Symposium Of Fluorosis, (1974) @No $ @ @ Ast. D. Smith D. and Wacks B. Cantwell “Fluoride Study XIV, Combined Clinical And Dental Finding After 10 Years of Water Experience” JADA, 52 314-325 (1956) @No $ @ @ Alagarsamy S.R., Gandhiranjan M., and Navneetha, A., , “Development of Package Defluoridation Plant For Hand Pump installation.” Journal of Indian Water Works Association. 18, 19-26 (1986) @No $ @ @ Shortt H., McRobert, G. Barndard T. and Nayar, “A Endemic Fluorosis in Nellore district of south India”, Indian M Gazzete, 72, 396-398 (1937) @No $ @ @ Ravinson David And M.John, “Methods of Fluoride Analysis”, Journal of Assoc.Manage, 27, 291-294 @No $ @ @ Blank C., And Icken M.,“Fluoride Analysis By Using Spectroscopic Methods”, Journal of Environ. Sci &Engg, (3) 41, 141-143 (1982) @No $ @ @ Thomas J. and Chamberlain, N. “Colorometric Analytical Methods”, Analytical Letters, 14, 493-498 (1974) @No $ @ @ Baker F.J., and Morison H., “Trace Element Removal from Ash Dam Water By Nano Filtration And Diffusion Dialysis”, Journal of NEPT, 89, 325-341 @No 
<#LINE#>Optical Properties of Vacuum Evaporated WO3 Thin Films<#LINE#>M.C.@Rao,O.M.@Hussain<#LINE#>76-80<#LINE#>I1711ISCA-RJCS-2011-193.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada – 520008, INDIA @ Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati – 517 502, INDIA <#LINE#>20/7/2011<#LINE#>10/8/2011<#LINE#>Thin films of WO3 were prepared by vacuum evaporation technique in the temperature range 303-603 K. The deposition parameters such as substrate temperature, deposition rate, film –substrate combination, vacuum during the film deposition were controlled. The influence of substrate temperature on the optical properties of WO films has been studied in the wavelength range 300-1600 nm. The optical band gap is found to be dependent of the deposition temperature and decreased from 3.18 to 2.90 eV with increase of deposition temperature from 303 to 503 K. The effect of heat treatment in air (calcination) on the optical properties of the films is also reported. <#LINE#> @ @ Arof A.K., Saniman E.B. and Mastor M.Z., Some properties of Agl-AgO-MoO3 electrolyte doped with Al   J. Phys. III France, , 849-858 (1994) @No $ @ @ Granqvist C.G., Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993- 1998, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,60, 201-262 (2003) @No $ @ @  Ashrit P.V., Bader G. and Truong V.V., Novel electrochromic devices based on complementary nanocrystallineTiO2 and WO3 thin films, Thin Solid Films, 320, 324-329 (1998) @No $ @ @  Woodward P.M., Sleight A.W. and Vogt T., Ferroelectric tungsten trioxide,  J. Sol. State Chem.,131, 9-17 (1997) @No $ @ @  Antonaia A., Polichetti T., Addonizio M.L., Aprea S., Minarini C. and Rubino A., Modification of vapor-deposited WO3 electrochromic films by oxygen backfilling, Thin Solid Films,354, 73-81 (1999) @No $ @ @ Joraid A.A. and Almari S.N., Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of WO thin films prepared by electron-beam coating, Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter,391, 199-205 (2007) @No $ @ @ Tagtstrom P. and Jansson U., Chemical vapour deposition of epitaxial WO films, Thin Solid Films, 352, 107-113 (1999) @No $ @ @ Hussain O.M., Swapnasmitha A. S., John J. and Pinto R., Structure and morphology of laser-ablated WOthin films, Appl. Phys. A, 81, 1291-1297(2005) @No $ @ @ Ottaviano L., Rossi M. and Santucci S., Initial stages of WO growth on silicon substrates, Thin Solid Films,490,59-67 (2005) @No $ @ @ Rao M.C., Effect of substrate temperature on the structural and electrical conduction behaviour of vacuum evaporated WO3 thin films, J. Optoelect. & Biomedical Mater., 3,45-50 (2011) @No $ @ @ Miyake K., Kaneko H., Sano M. and Suedomi N.,Physical and electrochromic properties of the amorphous and crystalline tungsten oxide thick films prepared under reducing atmosphere, J. Appl. Phys., 55, 2747-2753 (1984) @No
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>Effects of Boiling and Fermentation on the Nutrient Composition of Cow Milk in Kaduna Metropolis<#LINE#>S.@Sarkiyayi,M.@Shehu<#LINE#>81-84<#LINE#>I1712ISCA-RJCS-2011-15_June.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Science, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna -NIGERIA <#LINE#>28/4/2011<#LINE#>15/6/2011<#LINE#> The effects of  boiling and fermentation on the nutrient composition cow milk was investigated using proximate analysis. The results for boiled milk showed that boiling reduced nutrient contents of the milk as follows : protein content (3.73%),fats (2.85%), total solids  (9.67%), calcium(0.06%), magnesium (0.41%) contents and bacteriological count significantly (p0.05), suggesting that boiling has negative effects on fresh milk. The result also reveals that fermentation has no significant ( p.07;èž�0.05) effects on protein (3.81%), total solids (12.21%) and Iron (0.0014%),but has significant effects on carbohydrates and bacteriological count (2.5x10).  Our findings show that fresh milk sample has the highest nutritive values when compared to fermented and boiled milk. <#LINE#> @ @  Korger W., Kurmann J.A., and Rasio J.L., Fermented milk past Present and future Journal of food technology (43), 98-99 (1999) @No $ @ @  Pearson D., Chemical Analysis Food Macmillan Press Publication London (17), 26 (2008) @No $ @ @   Aboul F.A., EL-Bassiomy T. and EL-Rab H.G Milk Product in Soliag City, Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, (14), 81-85 (2005) @No $ @ @   Norman G. A study of food nutrients first edition Macmillan Education Ltd London (10), 16 (1998) @No $ @ @  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com(2010)/journal/ 77004022/abstract? Cretry = 1 & Sretry = 0 @No $ @ @ William H. Bowen and R.A. Lawrence, Comparison of the Cariogenicity of Cola, Honey, Cattle Milk, Human Milk, and Sucrose, Pediatrics, pediatrics.aappublications.org.,  (116), 921-926  (2005) @No $ @ @   Kilgour O.F.G Mastering Nutrition (3rd edition) McMillan Publishing Limited New York, 61-63 (2005) @No $ @ @   Campbell D. http://editor.nourishedmagazine.com.au/ articles/v onderplanitz – and – Campbell – douglasss –testimony – on – raw – milk (2010) @No $ @ @   Crewe J., Raw milk cures many diseases. Certified Milk Magazine, January : 3-6. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage = online & aid = 887004 (1929) @No $ @ @   Roy B.D., Milk: the new sports drink? A Review, J Int Soc Sports Nutr 5: 15. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-15. pmid 18831752 (2008) @No $ @ @   Chavarro J.E., Rich-Edwards J.W., Rosner B and Willett W.C. A prospective study of dairy foods intake and anovulatory infertility. Human Reproduction 22 (5): 1340–7, doi:10.1093/humrep/dem019. pmid 17329264(2007) @No $ @ @  AOAC, Official Methods of Analysis, 16th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D.C., USA. (2016) Okpokwasili G.C. and Ogbulie J.N., Bacterial and dietal quality of tilapia aquaculture systems, International J. of Enviromental Health Research, (13), 198-202 (1995) @No $ @ @   Onyeabgba R.A. Isu and N.R. Basic practicalsin Microbiology, fasmen com. okigwe Nigeria, 26-27 (2002) @No $ @ @  http:// journals.cambridge.org / action / displayAbstract?              From Page = online & aid = 887004 (2016) @No $ @ @  Orhevba B.A., The effects of cooking time on the nutritional parameters of soya milk, Am. J. Food Technol, (6), 298-305 (2010) @No $ @ @ Hindu.com. Milk contains traces of ash. Hindu.com., 2008-07-10 http: // www.hindu.com / seta / 2008/07/10/stories/2008071050201800.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-28 (2008) @No
<#LINE#>Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens (l.) Poit on acetaminophen Induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits<#LINE#>O.O.@Babalola,O.E.@Ojo,F.A.@Oloyede<#LINE#>85-88<#LINE#>I1713ISCA-RJCS-2011-134.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Biochemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, NIGERIA @ Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Center, Owo, NIGERIA @ Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, NIGERIA <#LINE#>30/7/2011<#LINE#>05/8/2011<#LINE#>The study was designed to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective activity of the pretreatment with aqueous extract of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens on acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits. Albumin, total protein, total globulin, alanine transaminase aspertate transaminase and catalase in the blood plasma and liver were assayed as biochemical markers of hepatotoxicity and possible associated oxidative stress. Plasma and total liver proteins,  albumin, globulin concentrations were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods also the activities of alanine transaminase, aspertate transaminase and catalase in the plasma and liver homogenates were determined by standard techniques. The maker enzymes show significant elevation in acetaminophen treated animals; these were significantly reduced toward an almost normal level in animals pretreated with aqueous extract of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens. The reduction was observed for the concentrations of total protein and albumin. This showed that aqueous extract of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens in addition to many of its numerous reported bioactivity probably possesses hepatoprotective potentials on acetaminaphen induced liver damage. <#LINE#> @ @   Fun C.E. and  Svendsen A. B., The essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens,Poit grown on Aruba Flav Fragr J., , 161-163 (1990) @No $ @ @  Singh H.B. and A.K., Handique, Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens and its efficacy in biocontrol measures in combination with Trichoderma harzianum,, 683-687 (1997) @No $ @ @  Iwu M.M., Handbook of African medicinal plants CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, USA (1993) @No $ @ @  Zollo P.H.A., Biyiti L., Tchoumbougnang F., Menut C., Lamaty G. and Bouchet P.H., Aromatic plants of tropical Central Africa, Part XXXII, Chemical composition and antifungal activity of thirteen essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon, Flav Fragr J., 13, 107-114 (1998) @No $ @ @  Malele R.S., Mutayabarwa C.K., Mwangi J.W., Thoithi, G.N.,  Lopez A.G., Lucini E.I. and Zygadlo J.A., Essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit from Tanzania: composition and antifungal activity, Journal of Essential Oil Research,15, 438–440 (2003) @No $ @ @  Jain S.R., Jain P.R. and Jain M.R., Antibacterial evaluation of some indigenous volatile oils, Planta Med., 26, 196-199 (1974) @No $ @ @  Asekun O.T., Ekundayo O. and Adeniyi B.A., Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Hyptis suaveolens leaves, Fitoterapia, 70, 440–442 (1999) @No $ @ @  Akah P.A. and Nwambie A.I., Nigerian plants with anticonvulsant properties, Fitoterapia, 64, 42–44 (1993) @No $ @ @  Ahmed M.  Scora R.W. and Ting I.P., Composition of leaf oil of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit, J. Essent, Oil Res., , 571-575 (1994) @No $ @ @  Cannon D.C, Olitzky I. and Inkpen J.A  Protein, In Clinical Chemistry and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Henry R.J, Cannon D.C and Winkleman W (eds). Harper and Row, New York, 407-421(1974) @No $ @ @  Pinnel A.E. and Northam B.E., New automated dyebinding method for serum albumin determination with bromocresol purple, Clin Chem., 24-80 (1978) @No $ @ @  Reitman S. and Frankel A., colorimetric method for aspertate and alanine aminotransferase in the serum, J. Clin  Pathol, 28, 56-58(1957) @No $ @ @   Claiborne A., Catalase activity In: Greenwald R.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Free Radical Research CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1985) @No $ @ @  Sies H.  Strategies of antioxidant defense, Eur J Biochem. (215) 213 -219 (1993) @No $ @ @   Harper H.A., The functions and tests of the liver. Review of Physiological Chemistry Lange Medical Publishers, Los Atlos, CA, 271– 283 (1961) @No
<#LINE#>Synthesis and Characterisation of New Mesogenic 4-n-Alkoxy Benzaldehyde Semicarbazones<#LINE#>RajasekharaPrasad@Kottapalli,V.ShanmukhaKumar@Jagarlapudi<#LINE#>89-91<#LINE#>I1714ISCA-RJCS-2011-137.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, K. L. University, Vaddeswaram - 522 502, Guntur (Dist), INDIA<#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#>13/8/2011<#LINE#>Synthesis of homologous series of mesogenic benzaldehyde semicarbazones starting from p-hydroxy benzaldehyde via alkylation with n-alkyl bromide under phase transfer condition is described. The physical characterization was carried out along with spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, H NMR and mass spectroscopy). The liquid crystalline properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscope.It is observed that all the members of the series exhibit the general mesomorphic properties found in other analogous series.The thermal stabilities of the present series are compared with those of the other related homologous series. <#LINE#> @ @  Parra M., Hidalgo P., Barbera J., Carrasco E. and Saavedra C., Novel Mesogenic Asymmetric Diacylhydrazines: Synthesis, Mesomorphic Behaviour and X-ray Study, Liq. Cryst.,33, 391 (2006) @No $ @ @  Tandel R.C. and Vora R.A., Synthesis and Study of 4-(4'--Alkoxybenzoyloxybenzoyl)-4''- butoxyanilides, Liq. Cryst.,34, 1369 (2007) @No $ @ @  Clark N. A. and Lagerwall S. T., Sub micro Second Bistable Electro-optic Switching in Liquid Crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett.,36, 899 (1980) @No $ @ @   Goodby J.W. and Leslie T.M., Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals – Structure and Design, Mol. Cryst. Liq.         Cryst., 110, 175 (1984) @No $ @ @    Rajasekhara Prasad K., Lokanatha Rai, K. M., Nagappa and Alapati P.R., Synthesis of a new Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Compound with Ester Linkage, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.,302271 (1997) @No $ @ @  Lokanatha Rai K.M., Rajasekhara Prasad K. and Nagappa, Synthesis and characterization of new mesogenic oximes, Ind. J. of Chem.,Vol. B 41B (8), 1676 (2002) @No
<#LINE#>Growth and Characterization of Vacuum Evaporated WO3 Thin Films for Electrochromic Device Application<#LINE#>M.C.@Rao,O.M.@Hussain<#LINE#>92-95<#LINE#>I1715ISCA-RJCS-2011-196.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada – 520008, INDIA @ Thin Film Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati – 517 502, INDIA <#LINE#>28/7/2011<#LINE#>10/9/2011<#LINE#> WO3 thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation technique. The deposition parameters such as substrate temperature, deposition rate, film –substrate combination, vacuum during the film deposition were controlled. The influence of substrate temperature on the composition and structure of WO films has been studied. The density of the films was found to be dependent on the substrate temperature and increased from 5.0 to 6.5 g/cm (accuracy ± 0.1 g/cm) with increasing temperature from 303 to 553 K and then slightly decreased with further increase of temperature. The films formed at Ts ~ 503 K and heat treated in air at 673 K for six hours showed 20.59 wt% of oxygen indicating that the films attained highest oxidations state (W+6) which is comparable with the starting material. The WO films deposited at Ts ~ 503 K and subsequently annealed at 673 K for 6 hours in air showed characteristic (020), (021), (002) orientationsrepresenting the orthorhombic phase of WO3.<#LINE#> @ @ Arof A. K., Saniman E. B. and Mastor M. Z., Some properties of Agl-AgO-MoO3   electrolyte doped with Al  J. Phys. III France, , 849-858 (1994) @No $ @ @  Granqvist C. G., Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993-1998, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,60, 201-262 (2000) @No $ @ @  Ashrit P.V., Bader G. and Truong V.V, Novel electrochromic devices based on complementary nanocrystalline TiO2 and WO3 thin films, Thin Solid Films, 320, 324-329 (1998) @No $ @ @  Woodward P.M., Sleight A.W. and Vogt T., Ferroelectric tungsten trioxide, J. Sol. State Chem.,131, 9-17 (1997) @No $ @ @  Antonaia A., Polichetti T., Addonizio M.L., Aprea S., Minarini C. and RubinoA., Modification of vapor-deposited WO3 electrochromic films by oxygen backfilling, Thin Solid Films,354, 73-81 (1999) @No $ @ @  Tagtstrom P. and Jansson U., Chemical vapour deposition of epitaxial WO films, Thin Solid Films, 352, 107-113 (1999) @No $ @ @  Joraid A. A. and Almari S. N., Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of WO thin films prepared by electron-beam coating, Physica B: Physics of Condensed Matter, 391, 199-205 (2007) @No $ @ @  Hussain O.M., Swapnasmitha A.S., John J. and Pinto R., Structure and morphology of laser-ablated WOthin films, Appl. Phys. A, 81, 1291-1297 (2005) @No $ @ @  Ottaviano L., Rossi M. and Santucci S., Initial stages of WO growth on silicon substrates, Thin Solid Films,490, 59-67 (2005) @No $ @ @  Rao M.C., Effect of substrate temperature on the structural and electrical conduction behaviour of  vacuum evaporated WO thin films, J. Optoelect. & Biomedical Mater., 3, 45-50 (2011) @No $ @ @ 
Deb S.K., Optical and Photoelectric Properties and Color Centers in Thin Films of WO3, Philos. Mag., 27, 801-822 (1973) @No $ @ @  Kaneko H., Nagao F. and Miyake K., Preparation and properties of the dc reactively sputtered tungsten oxide films, J. Appl. Phys.,63, 510-517 (1988) @No $ @ @  Kaneko H., Miyake K. and Teramoto Y., Electrochemichromism of rf reactively sputtered tungstenoxide films J. Appl. Phys., 53, 4416-4421 (1982) @No