@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Removal of High-Strength Colour from Semi-Aerobic Stabilized Landfill Leachate via Adsorption on Limestone and Activated Carbon Mixture<#LINE#>Abdul Aziz@Hamidi,Teik Hin@Lau,Mohd.Nordin@Adlan,Mohd Shahrir@Zahari,Salina@Alias,Ahmed A.M.@Abufoul,Mohamed Razip@Selamat,Mohammed J.K@Bashir,Mohd Suffian@Yusoff,Muhammad@Umar<#LINE#>1-7<#LINE#>01.pdf<#LINE#>School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA @ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Islamic University of Gaza, PALESTINE <#LINE#>04/5/2011<#LINE#>13/5/2011<#LINE#> This study was undertaken to investigate the suitability of using a mixture of activated carbon (AC) and limestone (LS) as an adsorbate medium for removing high-strength colour from a semi-aerobic stabilized landfill leachate. Colour adsorption was explained by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Moreover, the adsorption kinetic mechanism was investigated using pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetics models. Approximately 88% of colour removal was achieved using a mixture of LS (35cm) and AC (5cm). In the current study, the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms offered very good fits for colour adsorption with R values of more than 0.96. The empirical constant (n) value of the Freundlich isotherm was greater than 1, which implies a beneficial adsorption for colour. Results obtained from the kinetic models showed good compliance with the pseudo-second-order equation (R2 = 0.997). This indicates that LS can be used as a cost-effective medium to replace AC for colour removal at a considerably lower cost. <#LINE#> @ @  Umar M., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and phototreatment of landfill leachate, Waste Manag2113-2121 (2010) @No $ @ @ Umar M., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., Varability of parameters involved in leachate pollution indeed and determination of LPI from four landfills in Malaysia, Int. J. Chem. Eng. 1-6, Article ID: 747953 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bashir M.J.K., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., sequential treatment for mature landfill leachate by cationic/anionic and anionic/cationic processes: Optimization and comparative studyMater.,186, 92-102 (2011) @No $ @ @  Aziz H.A., Omran A. and Zakaria W.R., oxidation of pre-coagulated semi aerobic leachateJ. Environ. Res., 209-216 (2010) @No $ @ @ Tatsi A.A., Zouboulis A.I., Matis K.A. and Samaras P., Coagulation–occulation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates, Chemosphere, 53, 737-744 (2003) @No $ @ @  Isa M.H., Kee T.K., Zinatizadeh A.A., Mohajeri S., Aziz H.A. and Hung Y.of semi-aerobic landfill leachate using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)Pollut.,43, 324-338 (2010) @No $ @ @  Umar M., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., Assessing the chlorine disinfection of landfill leachate and optimization by response surface methodology (RSM), Desalination, 274, 278-283 (2011)  @No $ @ @ Aziz A.H., Alias S., Adlan M.N., Asaari F.A.H. and Zahari M.S., Colour removal from landfill leachate by coagulation and flocculation processes, Technol. 98, 218–220 (2007) @No $ @ @  Bashir M.J.K., Aziz H.A., Yusoff M.S., Huqe A.A.M. and Mohajeri S., Application of the central composite design for condition optimization for semilandfill leachate treatment using electrochemical oxidation, Water Sci. Technol,98,218-220 (2007) @No $ @ @ Langlais B., Reckhow D.A. and Brink D.R., Ozone in water treatment: application and engineering, Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers Inc.(1991)@No $ @ @ Mohajeri S., Aziz H.A., Isa M.H., Zahed M.A., Bashir M.J.K. and Adlan M.N., composite design for condition optimization for semiaerobic landfill leachate treatment using electrochemical oxidation1257-1266 (2010) @No $ @ @  Bashir M.J.K., Isa M.H., Kutty S.R.M., AwaAziz H.A., Mohajeri S. and Farooqi I.H., Landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation, Waste Manag., 29, 2534-2541 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ghafari S., Aziz H.A. and Bashir M.J.K., poly-aluminum chloride and alum for the treatment of partially stabilized leachateDesalination,257, 110-116 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bashir M.J.K., Aziz H.A., Yusoff M.S. and Adlan M.N., Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfillexchange resin, Desalination,254,154-161 (2010) @No $ @ @  Palaniandy P., Adlan M.N., Aziz H.A. and Murshed M.F., Application of dissolved air fsemi-aerobic leachate treatment316-322 (2009) @No $ @ @   Aziz H.A., Foul A.A., Isa M.H. and Hung Y.T., Physico-chemical treatment of anaerobic landfill leachate using activated carbon and zeolite column  studies, Int.  J.  Environ.  Waste  Manage 269-285 (2010) @No $ @ @ Foul A.A., Aziz H.A., Isa M.H. and Hung, Y.T., Primary treatment of anaerobic landll leachate using activated carbon and limestone: batch and column studies, Int. J. Environ. Waste Manage., , 282-298 (2009) @No $ @ @  Isa M.H., Lang L.S., Asaari F.A.H., Aziz H.A., Ramli N.A. and Dhas J.P.A., Low cost removal of disperse dyes from aqueous solution using palm ash, Dyes Pigm.,74, 446–453 (2007) @No $ @ @  Espantaleón A.G., Nieto J.A., Ferandez M. and Marsal A., Use of activated clays in the removal of dyes and surfactants from tannery waste waters, Appl. Clay Sci,24,105-110 (2003) @No $ @ @ Haimour N. and Sayed S., The adsorption kinetics of methylene blue dye on jift, Dirsat, Natural and Eng. Sci.,24,215-224 (1997) @No $ @ @  Nassar M.M. and Magdy Y.H., Removal of different basic dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption on palm-fruit bunch particles, Chem. Eng. J.,66, 223-239 (1997) @No $ @ @  Aziz H.A., Othman N., Yusoff M.S., Basri D.R.H., Ashaari F.A.H., Adlan M.N., Othman F., Johari M. and Perwira M., Removal of copper from water using limestone filtration technique: determination of mechanism of removal, Environ. Int,26, 395–399 (2001) @No $ @ @ Aziz H.A., Adlan M.N., Zahari M.S.M. and Alias S., Removal of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) from municipal solid waste leachate by using activated carbon and limestone, Waste Manage. Res,22, 371–375 (2004) @No $ @ @  APHA, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st Ed. American Public Health Association, Washington D.C. (2005) @No $ @ @  ASTM, The American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Baltimore, MD, U.S.A, (1996) @No $ @ @ Hameed B.H., Spent tea leaves: A new non-conventional and low-cost adsorbent for removal of basic dye from aqueous solutions, J. Hazard. Mater,161, 753-759 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kadirvelu K., Palanival M. and Rajeswari S., Activated carbon from an agricultural by-product, for the treatment of dyeing industry wastewater, Bioresour. Technol,74, 263-265 (2000) @No 
<#LINE#>Microbial Degradation and its Kinetics on Crude Oil Polluted Soil<#LINE#>Vincent@AkpovetaO.,Felix@Egharevba,Weltime@MedjorO.Weltime, Osaro K.@Ize-iyamu,Enyemike @E. Daniel<#LINE#>8-14<#LINE#>02.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Ambrose Ali University, P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Edo state, NIGERIA @ Chemistry department, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, U.K <#LINE#>20/5/2011<#LINE#>8/6/2011<#LINE#> A pilot study was conducted on soil simulated with crude oil to examine the effects of the hydrocarbon on soil properties, the potentials of exploring soil indigenous microbes and determining suitable conditions for effective degradation of the contaminant as well as evaluating the kinetics of the process. Soil collected from Agbor area of the Niger Delta in southern Nigeria was artificially spiked with 10% brent crude and studied. Control soil, simulated soil and treated soil were all characterised for pH, electrical conductivity, total organic carbon and matter, total nitrogen and phosphorus, texture and heavy metals(Cd, Pb, Ni, V and Cr) using standard analytical methods to determine the effect of crude oil pollution on these properties. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was determined by measuring the amount of parent contaminant left in the soil at intervals in order to establish the efficiency and kinetics if the bioremediation process. Crude oil utilizing bacteria and fungi were also determined using standard microbiological procedures. Crude oil pollution caused a reduction in pH, conductivity and phosphorus level with significant effect in the growth rate of soil heterotrophic microbes, but however did not show any negative effect on the other properties. Crude oil did not affect the levels of the metals in the soil since the simulated soil showed lower metal concentration than the control soil, except for the remediation process which caused an increase in the concentration of Ni and V due to contributions of these metals from the animal waste used. The rate of microbial degradation was found to be dependent on availability of nutrient source and pH, as high biodegradation rate occasioned by an increase in microbial population was favoured between pH 6.7-9.6. Suitable pH condition and nutrient availability will enhance speedy microbial transformation of contaminant. A remediation efficiency of 81.69% was obtained on the sixth week indicating the efficiency and effectiveness of the process. The biodegradation process followed first order with a rate constant of 0.035day-1. Biodegradation isotherm was found to be minus unity expressing the opposite linear relationship between the concentration of the contaminant in the soil (C) and the concentration degraded by the microbes (C) at different time intervals for the remediation period. <#LINE#> @ @  Aboribo R.I., Oil Politics and the Niger Delta Development Commission, The tussle for control and domination, Afr. J. Environ. Studies, 168-175 (2001) @No $ @ @  Adam G., Gamoh K., Morris D.G. and Duncan H., Effect of alcohol addiction on the movement of petroleum hydrocarbon fuels in soil, Sci. Total Environ., 286(1/B), 15-25 (2002) @No $ @ @  Clark C.J., Field detector evaluation of organic clay soils contaminated with diesel fuel, Environ. Forensics, (B), 167-173 (2003) @No $ @ @  Anon, Principles of Enrichment and Isolation of Bacteria,http://www.splammo.net/bact102/102enrisol,html Bacteriology102 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bergey D.H. and Breed R.S., Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins Co. (1957) @No $ @ @ Mills A.I., Beuil C. and Cowell R.R., Enumeration of Petroleum DEGRADING Marine and Estuarine Microorganisms by most Probable Number Method, C and J. Microbiol., 24, 552-557 (1978) @No $ @ @  Stewart F.S. and Beswick T.S., Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology for   Students in Medicine, 10th ed; the English Language Book Society, London, 620 (1997) @No $ @ @  Cruickshand R.J., Dugid P., Marmuon B.P. and Swan    R.H.A., Medical Microbiology, 12th ed. Churchill Livingstone, London, 426-437 (1975) @No $ @ @ American Public Health Association (APHA)., Standard Methods for the examination  of water and wastewater, 20th ed, Washington, D.C. U.S.A.  American Works Association, Water pollution Control Federation (1998) @No $ @ @ Harigan W.F. and McCone M.E., Laboratory Method in Food and Dairy Microbiology,  2nd ed. London. 222, (1976) @No $ @ @  Mylavarapu R.S. and Kennelley E.D., UF/IFAS Extension Soil Testing laboratory (ESTL), Analytical procedures and Training Manual, 350 (2002) @No $ @ @  Bouyouces G.H., The Hydrometer Method for the Determination of Soil Particle Size, Agron, J., 43, 434-438 (1951) @No $ @ @ Nelson D.W. and Sommers L.E., Total carbon, Organic matter, In: Page, A.L et al. (Eds.), Methods of soil Analysis Part 2, Agronomy Monograph 9, 2nd Edn., American Society for Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin, pp 539 – 579 (1982) @No $ @ @  Radojevic M. and Bashkin V.N., Practical environmental analysis. Royal society of chemistry, Cambridge U.K. (1999) @No $ @ @ Bray R.H. and Kurtz L.T., Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils, Soil Sci., 59, 39-45 (1943) @No $ @ @ Chopra G. and Kanzar C., Analytical Agricultural chemistry, 2nd edition, Prentice-Hall, India (1988) @No $ @ @  AOAC, The Analyst Association of Analytical Chemist (1970) @No $ @ @  Stanton R.E., Rapid methods of Trace Analysis for Geochemical Applications, London: Edward Arnold Ltd. (1966) @No $ @ @ Valcarcel M., Principles of analytical Chemisry, New York:  Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (2000) @No $ @ @ Osuji L.C. and Nwoye I., An appraisal of the impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on soil fertility: the Owaza experience, Afri J of Agric Res., (B), 318-324 (2007) @No $ @ @  McBride M.B., Environmental chemistry of soils. New York, Oxford University Press, 406 (1994) @No $ @ @ United State Department for Agriculture (USDA). National Resources Conservation Service, 2-29,  http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. (2002) @No $ @ @  Abeh T., Gungfshik J. and Adamu M.M., Speciation studies of  trace elements level in sediments from zaramaganda stream in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, J. Chem. Soc. Nig., 32(2), 218-225 (2007) @No $ @ @  Amadi A. and Odu C.T.I., Effect of simulated chemical Demulsifer (Separal NF. 36 and Servo 6602) contamination of soil, on carbon dioxide evolution and shifts in microbial Population in a fresh water mangrove ecosystem, Int. J. Biochemphy, (1–2), 97- 99 (1993) @No $ @ @ Peijun L., Tieheng S., Frank S., Chungui Z., Hairong Z., Xianzhe X., Graeme A., Xuejun M. and Mayumi A., Field-Scale Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Crude Oil, Environ Eng Sci.,19(5), 277-289.  doi:10.1089/10928750260418926 (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>Safe behavior and level of knowledge regarding safe work practices on farms<#LINE#>Joze@srekl<#LINE#>15-19<#LINE#>03.pdf<#LINE#>Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Department of Technical Safety, Gorazdova 15, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, SLOVENIA <#LINE#>15/7/2011<#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#> The dangers in agriculture are lately being increasingly discussed; each farm has to complete a risk assessment. People living on a farm have to be aware of the hazards associated with agricultural work and search for ways to address those risks. The poll was based on the questionnaire which included questions regarding the knowledge of safe behavior and safe work practices. The survey showed the state of safety culture on farm, attitudes towards safety and frequency of use of safer methods of work. The survey was conducted among farmers in the Republic of Slovenia. The sample was relatively small, but sufficiently representative to show the situation in this area. We should be aware that Slovenia is a country with little more than two million inhabitants and a small representative sample was enough to find characteristic statistical variables. Overall rating following the results of the survey is that farmers are aware of the hazards at their work, they acknowledge the dangers, but they do not take steps to minimize the threat. The relationship between knowledge and behavior was determined by means of structural equation modeling. <#LINE#> @ @ Seifert A.L. and Santiago D.C., Preparation of professionals in the area of agrarian sciences regarding safety in rural work, Ciencia e Agrotecnologija, 33, 1131-1138 (2009) @No $ @ @ Dogan K.H., Dermici S., Sunam G.S., Deniz I. and  Gunaydin G., Evaluations of Farm Tractor-Related Fatalities, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,31,  64-68 (2010) @No $ @ @ Stave C., Pousette A. and Torner M., Risk and safety communication in small enterprise – how to support a lasting changed towards work safety priority, Journal of Risk Research, 11, 195-206 (2008) @No $ @ @ Thelin A., Fatal accidents in Swedish farming and forestry, 1988-1997, Safety Science, 40, 501-517 (2002) @No $ @ @ Morley J. and Haris D., Ripples in a Pond: An Open System Model of the Evolution of Safety Culture, International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 12, 3-15 (2006) @No $ @ @ Pugeshek B.H., Tomer A. and Von Eye A., Structural Equation Modeling, Application in Ecological and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge University Press (2003) @No $ @ @ Raykov T. and Marcoulides G.A., A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling, LEA, London (2000) @No $ @ @ Jöreskog, K., Sörbom, D., LISREL 8.30, Scientifique Software International, Inc., 7383 N. Lincoln Avenue, Suite 100,http//www.ssicentral.com/lisrel/mainlist.html.  @No $ @ @ Milczarek M. and  Najmiec A., The Relationship Between Workers’ Safety Culture and Accidents, Near Accidents and Health Problems, International Journal of Occupational Safety and ergonomics, 10,  25-33 (2004) @No 
<#LINE#>The Role of Structure Directing Agents on Chemical Switching Properties of Nanostructured Conducting Polyaniline (NSPANI)<#LINE#>Deepshikha,Basu@T.<#LINE#>20-29<#LINE#>04.pdf<#LINE#>Amity Institute of Biotechnology,Amity University, Noida-201303, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA @ Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida-201303, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA <#LINE#>14/7/2011<#LINE#>24/7/2011<#LINE#> The nanostructured conducting polyanilines was synthesized using single and composite structure directing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, camphor sulphonic acid by chemical method. The effects of nature and concentration of structure directing agents (both single and composite) on pH characteristics, redox behaviour and solvent pattern were investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Cyclic voltammetry and Dynamic light scattering. Both concentration and nature of structure directing agents could influence the pH behaviour and workable pH range. The transition from conducting state to insulating state of all nanostructured conducting polyanilines occurred at higher pH than bulk PANI. The Transmission electron microscopy and Dynamic light scattering results showed that the morphology and the dimension of nanostructured conducting polyanilines at the doped and undoped state depended on the nature of structure directing agents used for polymerization. The redox properties were independent of nature and concentration of structure directing agents but electrochemical activity and solution behaviour of nanostructured conducting polyanilines depended on the nature of structure directing agents.  <#LINE#> @ @ Pruna A., Branzoi V. and Branzoi F., Application of template-based polyaniline nanotubes synthesized in anodic porous alumina, Rev. Roum. Chim.,(55) 293-298 (2010) @No $ @ @ Luo X., Morrin A., Killard A.J. and Smyth M.R., Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors, Electroanalysis,(18), 319 (2006) @No $ @ @ Malhotra B.D., Chaubey A. and Singh S.P., Prospects of conducting polymers in biosensors, Anal. Chim. Acta,(578), 59 (2006) @No $ @ @ Wu C.G. and Bein T., Conducting Polyaniline Filaments in a Mesoporous Channel Host, Science, (264), 1757-1759 (1994) @No $ @ @ Yin Z.H., LongY.Z., Gu C.Z., Wan M.X. and Duvail J.L., Current-Voltage... Nanotube, and CdS Nanorope, NanoscaleRes. Lett.,(4), 63-69 (2009) @No $ @ @ Pei Q.B. and Inganas O., Electrochemical applications of the bending beam method 1. mass transport and volume changes in polypyrrole during redox, J Phys. Chem.(96), 10507-10514 (1992) @No $ @ @ Pei Q.B. and Inganas O., Electrochemical applications of the bending beam method electroshrinking and slow relaxation in polypyrrole, J. Phys. Chem.,(97), 6034-6041 (1993) @No $ @ @ Xia L., Wei Z. and Wan M., Conducting polymer nanostructures and their application in biosensors,J. of Colloid and Interface Science, (341), 1–11(2010) @No $ @ @ Huang W.S., Humphrey B.D. and MacDiarmid A.G., Polyaniline, a novel conducting polymer: Morphology and chemistry of its oxidation and reduction in aqueous electrolytes, J. Chem. Soc.,(82), 2385–2400 (1986) @No $ @ @ MacDiarmid A.G., Chiang J.C., Halpern M., Huang W S., Mu S.L., Somasiri N.L.D., Wu W. Q. and Yaniger S.I., Polyaniline: interconversion of metallic and insulating forms, Mol. Cryst., Liq. Cryst.(121), 173–180 (1985) @No $ @ @ MacDiarmid A.G., Application of Electroactive Polymers, Synth. Met., (84), 27–34 (1997) @No $ @ @ Holdcroft S., Patterning p-conjugated polymers. Adv. Mater.,(13), 1753 (2001) @No $ @ @ Virji S., Huang J., Kaner R.B. and Weiller B.H. Polyaniline Nanofiber Gas Sensors: Examination of Response Mechanisms, Nano Lett.,(4), 491(2004) @No $ @ @ Janata J. and Josowicz M., Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors, Nature Mater.,(2), 19 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wang J., Chan S., Carlson R.R., Luo Y., Ge G.L., Ries R.S,. Heath J.R., and Tseng H.R., Electrochemically fabricated polyaniline nanoframework electrode junctions that function as resisitive sensors, Nano Lett.,(4), 1693 (2004) @No $ @ @ Liu J., Tian S. and Knoll W., Properties of Polyaniline/Carbon Nanotube Multilayer Films in Neutral Solution and Their Application for Stable Low-Potential Detection of Reduced beta-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Langmuir., (21), 5596 (2005) @No $ @ @ Palaniappan S. and John A. Polyaniline materials by emulsion polymerization pathway, Prog. Polym. Sci., (33), 732–758 (2008) @No $ @ @ Gupta V. and Miura N. Electrochemically deposited polyaniline nanowire’s network, Electrochemical and solid state letters,(8), A630-A632 (2005) @No $ @ @ Qiu H., Wan M., Matthews B. and Dai L. Conducting polyani-line nanotubes by template-free polymerization, Macromol,(34), 675 (2001) @No $ @ @ Wei Z. and Wan M., Hollow microspheres of polyaniline synthesized with an aniline emulsion template, Adv. Mater, (14), 1314 (2002) @No $ @ @ Huang J. and Kaner R.B., A General Chemical Route to Polyaniline Nanofibers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., (126),851(2004) @No $ @ @ Xing S., Zhao C., Jing S. and Wang Z., Morphology and conductivity of polyaniline nanofibers prepared by 'seeding' polymerization. Polymer(47) 2305–2313 (2006) @No $ @ @ Li D. and Kaner R., Shape and aggregation control of nanoparticles: not shaken, not stirred, J Am Chem Soc.,(128), 968–975 (2006) @No $ @ @ Li G. and Zhang Z., Synthesis of dendritic polyaniline nanofibers in s surfactant gel, Macromolecules, (37),2683–2685 (2004) @No $ @ @ Kuczynska A., Uygun A., Kaim A., Wachnik H W, Yavuz A G and Aldissi M Effects of surfactants on the characteristics and biosensing properties of polyaniline. Polym Int.(59),1650-1659  (2010) @No $ @ @ Kresge C.T., Leonowicz Roth W.J., Vartuli J.C. and Beck J.S., Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid-crystal template mechanism,  Nature,(359), 710 (1992) @No $ @ @ Deepshikha and Basu T., Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Conducting Polyaniline using various Structure Directing Agents,  J. of  experimental Nanoscience, (in press) (2011) @No $ @ @ Stejskal J. and Kratochvil P., Polyaniline Dispersions 2 UV-V is Absorption, Spectra, Synth. Met., (61), 225 (1993) @No $ @ @ Moulton S.E., Innis P.C., Kane-Maguire L.A.P., Ngamna O., and Wallace G.G., Polymerisation and characterisation of conducting polyaniline nanoparticle dispersions, Current Applied Physics, (4), 402–406 (2004) @No $ @ @ Hassan P. A., Sawant S. N., Bagkar N.C., and Yakhmi J.V. Polyaniline Nanoparticles Prepared in Rodlike Micelles, Langmuir (20), 4874-4880 (2004) @No $ @ @ Madden P.G.A., Development and modeling of conducting polymer actuators and the fabrication of a conducting polymer based feedback loop, Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2003) @No $ @ @ Sahoo  H, Pavoor T and Vancheeswaran S., Actuators based on electroactive polymers. Current Science,(81), 10 (2001) @No $ @ @ Han M.G., Cho S.K., Oh S.G. and Im SS, Preparation and characterization of polyaniline nanoparticles synthesized from DBSA micellar solution. Synth. Met. (126), 53 (2002) @No $ @ @ Morrin A., Guzman A., Killard A.J., Pingarron J.M. and Smyth M.R., Characterisation of horseradish peroxidase immobilised on an electrochemical biosensor by colorimetric and amperometric techniques, Biosens Bioelectron,(18), 715 (2003) @No $ @ @ Wallace G.G., Spinks G.M., Kane-Maguire L.A.P. and Teasdale P.R., Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent materials systems (2nd. ed), CRC Press, London, 237 (2003) @No $ @ @ Karami H., Mousavi M.F. and  Shamsipur M.A. new design for dry polyaniline rechargeable batteries, J. of Power Sources,(117), 255–259 (2003) @No $ @ @ Benvenho A.R.V., Serbena J.P.M., Lessmann R. and  Hummelgen I.A., Efficient Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Fluorine-Doped Tin-Oxide Anode and Electrochemically Synthesized Sulfonated Polyaniline as Hole Transport Layer, Brazilian Journal of Physics,35), 1016-1019 (2005) @No $ @ @ Hebner T.R., Wu C.C., Marcy D., Lu M.H. and Sturm J.C., Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices, Applied Physics Letters, (72), 519-521(1998) @No
<#LINE#>The Use of Anion Geochemistry in Mapping Groundwater Facies of  Yola Area NE Nigeria<#LINE#>GabrielIke@Obiefuna,Orazulike@DonatusMaduka<#LINE#>30-41<#LINE#>05.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Yola, NIGERIA @ Geology Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, NIGERIA <#LINE#>18/4/2011<#LINE#>9/8/2011<#LINE#> This study was aimed at employing anion geochemistry in mapping groundwater facies in Yola area of Northeastern Nigeria. The concentration levels of sulphate were analysed using the HACH Spectrophotometer model No DR/2400 whereas those of Cl, COand HCO HCO– were done by titrimetric method. The results of the analysed dissolved anions are recorded as HCO (16.2 to 19.2 mg/l), Cl (0.50 to 0.80 mg/l) and SO(1.60 to 3.55 mg/l) for the rainwater and HCO (73.30 to 273 mg/l), Cl (27.90 to 455.20 mg/l) and SO2- (2 to 29.11 mg/l)for the surface water samples. The shallow groundwater and deep groundwater revealed values of HCO (19.90 to 240 mg/l), Cl (0 to 170.17 mg/l) and SO (0 to 35 mg/l) and HCO (50 to 207 mg/l), Cl (0.004 to 159.40 mg/l) and SO2- (0 to 64.50 mg/l) respectively. The absence of SO2- and relatively high concentration of bicarbonate in some of the samples could be attributed to sulphate reduction. The reaction is believed to take place in the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria in the soil zone through which recharge water percolates. The absence of some ions such as COand SO and the varied concentration levels in others such as Cl and HCO also affect the types and numbers of mappable facies in surface water and groundwater systems. Mappable groundwater facies for the different water sources are the bicarbonate-chloride-sulphate facies for the rainwater and the chloride-sulphate-bicarbonate for the surface water and groundwater systems respectively.  The results further revealed that the groundwater has a local meteoric origin that evolves towards the composition of sea water. It also suggests that their chemical evolution is associated mainly with progressive dissolution and/or weathering of minerals along the flow paths. <#LINE#> @ @ Postma, D. and Appelo, C.A.J. Geochemistry, groundwater and pollution 2nd Edition A.A Balkema Netherlands, 375-537 (1999) @No $ @ @ Chebotarev,  I. .I Metamorphism of natural waters in the crust of weathering. Geochim.                      Cosmochim. Acta.,(8), 22-212 (1955) @No $ @ @ Toth, J. Groundwater geology, movement, chemistry and resources near Olds, Alberta Res., Council Alberta, Canada Geol. Div. Bull. (17),  (1966b) @No $ @ @ Amadi, P.A, Ofoegbu, C.O. and Morrison, T. Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environ. Geol. Water Sci., 14(3), 195-202 (1989) @No $ @ @ Back W. Origin of hydrochemical facies and groundwater flow patterns in the Atlantic Coastal Plains, Report XX1 Int. Geol. Congress Nordend Pt, (1), 87 (1960) @No $ @ @ Schoeller H.  Les Eaux Souterraines Mason et Cie Paris Schwartz F W and Zhang H (2003) @No $ @ @ Fundamentals of groundwater, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 583 (1962) @No $ @ @ Toth, J. The role of regional gravity flow in the chemical and thermal evolution of groundwater. Proc. First Canadian/American Conference on hydrogeology, Banff Alberta, (1984) @No $ @ @ Egboka B.C.E and Amadi P.A. The use of anion geochemistry in mapping groundwater facies in the Portharcourt area of the Niger Delta, Nigeria Global Jour. Geol. Sci., (2), 155-166 (2010) @No $ @ @ American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Pollution Control Federation Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. 20thedn, American Public Health Association, Washington, DC(1998) @No $ @ @ Back W, Hydrochemicalfacies and groundwater flow patterns in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plains, US Geol. Surv. Profess. Papers 498-A(1966) @No $ @ @ Domenico P.A. Concepts and models in groundwater hydrology McGraw-Hill Book Company                    New York, 288-293 (1972) @No $ @ @ Back W, Hydrochemicalfacies and groundwater flow patterns in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plains, US Geol. Surv. Profess. Papers 498-A (1996) @No $ @ @  UNESCO/WHO Water quality surveys. Studies and Reports in Hydrology, (23), 62-78 (1978) @No $ @ @  Davis S.N and Dewiest R.J.M Hydrogeology John Wiley and Sons, New York 463 (1966) @No $ @ @  Obiefuna, G.I. and Orazulike, D.M. The hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater in semiarid Yola area NE Nigeria Res. Jour. Env. Earth Sci.,3(4), 400-416 (2011) @No $ @ @  Mercado, A. C The use of hydrochemical patterns in carbonate, sands and sandstone aquifers to identify intrusion and flushing of saline water, Groundwater 23, 635-645(1985) @No $ @ @ Freeze R.A and Cherry J.A.  Groundwater New Jersey, Prentice-Hall Inc., 247-252 (1979) @No $ @ @  Schwartz, F W and Zhang H Fundamentals of groundwater John Wiley and Sons, New York, 583 (2003) @No  
<#LINE#>Novel Polymeric Surfactants Based on Oxalic Acid and Citric Acid for Detergents<#LINE#>A.D@Deshpande,B.B@Gogte<#LINE#>42-47<#LINE#>06.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri. Shankar Prasad Agnihotri College of Engg, Ramnagar, Wardha, INDIA @ Department of Applied Chemistry, Indira Gandhi Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur, INDIA <#LINE#>18/7/2011<#LINE#>26/7/2011<#LINE#> Polymeric surfactant based on sorbitol, maize starch, acids and anhydrides have been synthesized and used successfully in detergent compositions. In the present piece of research work a small quantity of oxalic acid and citric acid along with major quantity of maize starch and sugar solution has been used in synthesis of polymer. The overall idea is to develop a polymeric surfactant using higher quantity of maize starch and substantial quantity of sugar along with oxalic acid and citric acid. These polymers may be ecofriendly are based on vegetable products. The synthesized polymers have been analyzed for physicochemical characteristics like acid value, saponification value, HLB ratio and cleaning efficiency .Selected novel polymeric surfactants based on these observations have been used in the preparation of powder detergent and liquid detergent. The acid slurry and Alpha Olefin Sulphonate based on crude petroleum have been successfully replaced by 50-70% by these novel ecofriendly polymers. The preparation of these polymers is simple and they can be recommended for commercial use. These novel polymers are comparable to commercial active ingredients and suitable for like commercial production. The novel polymers and detergents compositions can be taken up on pilot and industrial scale as they are ecofriendly and commercially and technically comparable to conventional products. <#LINE#> @ @  Paolo zini, Polymeric Additives for high performing detergent, Technomic publication, U.S.A. (1995) @No $ @ @  Bauvy A. and Leversidge P., Polymeric surfactants and their use industrial application paint India, 45-52(1985) @No $ @ @  Polymeric surfactants Surfactant Science Series,(42)Marcel DekkerNew York, Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, (1992) ,165-176, 203-205 (2003) @No $ @ @    http://www.Elesvier, “Carbohydrate polymer”. 5. Goddard, E.D., JOACS, 71(1), 1-15 (1994) @No $ @ @  Gogte B.B., Agarawal R.S., J. Soaps, Det. Toilet Rev.,19-2234 (2003) @No $ @ @  Gogte B.B. and Sorbitol based polymeric surfactant for detergent powder, soaps detergents and toiletries, 25-28 (2003) @No $ @ @  Gogte B.B., Patil P.V., J. Chem. Engg. World, (40),71-75 (2005) @No $ @ @  Gogte B.B., Dontulwar J.R., Asia. J. Chem., 16(3),1385-1390 (2004) @No $ @ @  Kharkate S.K,.Karadbhajne V.Y., Gogte B.B., Journal of scientific and industrial research, (64), 752-755(2005) @No $ @ @  http://www.nfusugar.com @No $ @ @  ASTM Standard method, (For acid value of organic coating materials), published by the American society for testing materials, Philadelphia, 1639-70 (1981) @No $ @ @   BIS methods for the test for detergency for household detergent, BIS4995 (2000) @No $ @ @ Haries,”Detergency Evolution and Testing “, Wiley-interscience Publisher, 92-103 (1954) @No $ @ @   ASTM standard method for NON –volatile contains of resin solutions (1981) @No $ @ @   ASTM Standard methods, for viscosity by ford cup method,1200-82 (1982) @No $ @ @   BIS methods for the test for detergency for household detergent, BIS4995 (2000) @No $ @ @   Haries, Detergency Evolution and Testing, Wiley-interscience Publisher, 92-103 (1954) @No  
<#LINE#>Effects of Concentration and Relative Permittivity on the Transport Properties of Sodium Chloride in Pure water and Ethanol-Water Mixed Solvent Media<#LINE#>Ajaya@Bhattarai,Kumar@SahSantosh<#LINE#>48-52<#LINE#>07.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, NEPAL <#LINE#>20/7/2011<#LINE#>26/7/2011<#LINE#> The measurements on the conductivity of Sodium Chloridein pure water and ethanol-water mixed solvent media containing 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.50 volume fractions of ethanol at room temperature are reported. The concentrations were varied from ~ 0.025 to~0.10 mol.L-1. The results showed a sharp increase in the conductivity with increasing electrolyte concentration. The effects of relative permittivity of the medium on the conductivity are also investigated. <#LINE#> @ @ Sokol V., Tomas R. and Tominic I., Conductometric Study of Ammonium Bromide in 2-Butanol + Water Mixtures, Acta Chim. Slov.,  56, 773-779 (2009) @No $ @ @ Janz G.T. and  Tomkins  R.P.T., Non Aqueous Electrolytes Handbook; Academic Press: London, Vol.1 (1972) @No $ @ @  Lee J.J. and Lee M.D., Conductance of tetraalkyl ammonium halides in ethanol-water mixtures, Korean J. of Chem. Eng., 5(1), 5-13(1988) @No $ @ @  Lee M.D. and Lee J.J., Seoul Univ, Faculty papers, 4(c), 21(1975) @No $ @ @ Chazhoor J.S. and Radhakrishnan T.P., Conductance of sodium nitrate in ethanol-water mixtures at 35°C, J. Phys. Chem., 60, 151-155(1979) @No $ @ @ Lange N.A. and  Dean J.A., Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York  (1967) @No $ @ @ Pure Component Properties (Queriable database) Chemical Engineering Research Information Center. http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/cmpsrch.php. Retrieved 12 May (2007) @No $ @ @ Harned H.S.  and Owen B.B., The physical chemistry of electrolytic solutions, Reinhold. N.Y., 234 (1957) @No $ @ @ Khimenko M.T., Aleksandrov V.V. and Gritsenko, N.N., Zh. Fiz. Khim., 47(11), 2914-2915 (1973) @No $ @ @ Lind J.E., Jr.,  Zwolenik J.J. and  Fuoss R.M.,Calibration of Conductance Cells at 250 C with  Aqueous Solutions of Potassium Chloride,  J.Am.Chem.Soc., 81, 1557-1559 (1959) @No $ @ @ Das B. and Hazra D.K.,Studies on the Viscosities, Conductances and Adiabatic Compressibilities of Some Tetraalkylammonium Perchlorates in 2-Methoxyethanol, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 65, 3470-3476 (1992) @No $ @ @ Das B. and Hazra D.K.,Conductometric, Viscometric and Spectroscopic Investigations on the Solvation Phenomena of Alkali-Metal Ions and Ion pairs in 2-Methoxyethanol, J. Phys. Chem.,  99, 269-273 (1995) @No $ @ @ Franks F. and Ives J.G., Quart, Rev. (London), 20, 1 1965)@No $ @ @ Thakur S. K. and Chauhan S., Ultrasonic Velocity and Allied parameters of drug Colimax in aqueous 1-propanol at 298.15K,  J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(2), 657-664 (2011) @No $ @ @  Syal V.K., Thakur S.K., Chauhan S. and  Sharma P., Ultrasonic Velocity Studies of Drug Parvon-spas in Mixed Alcohol–Water Solvent Systems at 298.15 K.,International J.  Thermophys., 26, 807-826(2005) @No $ @ @  Bhattarai A.,Chatterjee  S. K., Deo T. K.  and Niraula T. Pd., Effects of Concentration, Temperature and Solvent Composition on the Partial Molar Volumes of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Methanol –Water mixed Solvent Media, J. Chem. Eng. Data. Publication Date (Web): July 13 (2011) @No $ @ @  Lee I. and Hyne J.B., Partial Molal Volumes of Tetraalkylammonium chlorides in Ethanol–water mixtures., Can. J. Chem., 46, 2333-2339 (1968) @No $ @ @  Bhattarai A., Nandi P. and Das B., The Effects of Concentration, Relative Permittivity and Temperature  on the Transport Properties of Sodium Polystyrenesulphonate in Methanol-Water Mixed Solvent Media, J.  Pol.  Res., 13, 475-482 (2006) @No $ @ @  Chatterjee A. and  Das B., Electrical Conductances of Tetrabutylammonium Bromide, Sodium Tetraphenylborate, and Sodium Bromide in Methanol (1) + Water (2) Mixtures at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) . J. Chem. Eng. Data., 51, 1352-1355 (2006) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai A., Electrical Conductivity of Semidilute Solution of Sodium Polystyrenesulfonate in Methanol-Water Mixtures at Four Different Temperatures: The Scaling Theory Approach., Nepal Journal of Science and Technology (NJST).,9, 163-170 (2008) @No  
<#LINE#>Preparation of Activated Carbon from Nipa Palm Nut: Influence of Preparation Conditions<#LINE#>J.T.@Nwabanne,P.K.@Igbokwe<#LINE#>53-58<#LINE#>08.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka, NIGERIA<#LINE#>23/7/2011<#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#> In this study, nipa palm nut (NPN) was used to prepare activated carbon for the removal of lead (11) from aqueous solution. Chemical activation method using phosphoric acid was employed. Full factorial design of experiment was used to correlate the preparation variables (activation temperature, activation time and acid impregnation ratio) to the lead uptake from aqueous solution.  The optimum conditions for preparing activated carbon from NPN for Pb2+ adsorption were as follows: activation temperature of 500C, activation time of 1hr and acid impregnation ratio of 1:2 (acid/precursor, wt basis) which resulted in 99.88% uptake of Pb2+ and 30.20% of activated carbon yield. The experimental results obtained agreed satisfactorily with the model predictions. The equilibrium data for adsorption of Pb2+ on the optimum activated carbon were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The results of adsorption studies showed that activated carbon produced from NPN is a very efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. <#LINE#> @ @ Sánchez M.C., Macíces-García A. Cuerda-Correa E.M. Gómez J. and NadalPreparation of Activated Carbons Previously treated with Hydrogen Peroxide: Study of their porous texture; Applied Surface Science, (2006) @No $ @ @ Otero M., Rozada F., Garcoia A. and Moran, AKinetic and equilibrium modeling of the methylene blue removal from solution by adsorbent materials produced from sewage sludges, Engineering Journal, 15, 59-68 (2003) @No $ @ @ Shopova N., Minkova V. and Markova Kof the thermochemical changes in agricultural byproducts and in the carbon adsorbents obtained from them, J. Thermal Anal., 48, 309 (1997)    @No $ @ @ Castro J., Bonelli P., Cerrella E. and Cukierman APhosphoric acid activation of agricultural residuesbagasse from sugar cane: influence of the experimental conditions on adsorption characteristics of activated carbons, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res4170 (2000) @No $ @ @  Al-Omair M.A. and ElJuly 15 from http://kfu.edu.sa/main/res/4008.pdf(2001) @No $ @ @  Serrano – Gomez V., CorreaTernanadez C.M., FrancoGarcia-Macias A., Preparation of activated carbons from chestnut wood by phosphoric acid activation: study of micro porosity and fractal dimension, Materials Letters@No $ @ @ Srinivasakannan C. and Zailani M.Bactivated carbon from ruband Bioenergy, 27, 89-96 @No $ @ @ Solum M.S., Pagmire R.JDerbyshire F., Evolution of carbon structure in chemically activated wood,@No $ @ @ American Society for Testing and Materials Annual Book of ASTM Standard, and Graphic Products; activated Carbon, ASTM, Philadelphia, PA. (1996) @No $ @ @  American Society of Testing and Materials Standard test methods for moisture in activated carbon. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee on Standards (1991) @No $ @ @ Ahmedna M., Johns M.MW.E. and Rao, R.M.,product-based activated carbons for use in raw sugar decolourisation, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 75, 117-124 @No $ @ @ American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for determination of iodine number of activated carbon. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee on Standards (1986) @No $ @ @  Al-Qodah Z. and Shawabkah Rcharacterization of granular activatactivated sludge, Braz. J. Chem. Eng @No $ @ @ Alzaydian A.S., Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto a low Tripoli, Am. J. Applied Sci @No $ @ @ Vitidsant T., Suravattanasakul T. and Damronglerd SProduction of activated carbon from palm oil shell by pyrolysis and steam activation in a fixed bed reactor; Science Asia, 25, 211-222 (1999)@No $ @ @Wan Nik W.B., Rahman M.M., Yusof A.M., Ani F.N. and Che Adnan C.M., Production of activated carbon from palm oil shell waste and its adsorption characteristics, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Naatural Resources Engineering and Technology, 21-25th July, 2006, Putrjaya, Malaysia, 646-654 (2006) @No $ @ @  Lua A.C. and Guo J. Preparation and characterization of chars from oil palm waste, Carbon, 36(II), 1663-1670 (1998) @No $ @ @ . Karthikeyan S. Sivakumar P. and Palanisamy P.N.,Novel activated carbons from agricultural wastes and their characteristics, E – Journal of Chemistry, 5, 409-426 (2008) @No $ @ @ Srinivasakannan C. and Zailani M.B., Production of activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust, Biomass 96 (2004) @No $ @ @ Pagmire R.J., Jagtoyen M. and Evolution of carbon structure in chemically activated wood, Carbon, 33, 1247 (1995) @No $ @ @ American Society for Testing and Materials Annual of ASTM Standard, 15.01, Refractories, Carbon and Graphic Products; activated Carbon, ASTM, (1996) @No $ @ @ American Society of Testing and Materials Standard test methods for moisture in activated carbon. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee on Standards Johns M.M., Clarke, S.J., Marshall ., Potential of agricultural by-based activated carbons for use in raw sugar Journal of the Science of Food and 124 (1997) @No $ @ @ American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for determination of iodine number of activated carbon. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee Qodah Z. and Shawabkah R., Production and characterization of granular activated carbon from Braz. J. Chem. Eng; 26(1), 6 (2009) @No $ @ @ Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto a low – cost natural Jordanian Am. J. Applied Sci; 6(6), 1047-1058 (2009) @No $ @ @ Suravattanasakul T. and Damronglerd S., Production of activated carbon from palm oil shell by pyrolysis and steam activation in a fixed bed reactor; 222 (1999) @No $ @ @  Wan Nik W.B., Rahman M.M., Yusof A.M.,  Ani  F.N. and Che Adnan C.M., Production of activated carbon from palm oil shell waste and its adsorption characteristics, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Naatural Resources Engineering and Technology, 21-25th July, 2006,  Putrjaya, Malaysia, 646-654 (2006) @No $ @ @  Lua A.C. and Guo J. Preparation and characterization of chars from oil palm waste, Carbon, 36(II), 1663-1670 (1998) @No $ @ @  Karthikeyan S. Sivakumar P. and Palanisamy P.N., Novel activated carbons from agricultural wastes and their characteristics, E – Journal of Chemistry, , 409-426 (2008) @No $ @ @  Shrivastava A., Saudagar P., Bajaj I. and Singhal R; Media optimization for the production of U-linolenic acid by cunninghamella echinulata varielegans MTCC 552 using response surface methodology, International Journal of Food Engineering, 4(2), 1-32 (2008) @No $ @ @  Alam Z., Muyibi, S.A., and Kamaldin N., Production of activated carbon from oil palm empty fruit bunches for removal of zinc, Proceedings of Twelfth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC12 2008, Alexandria, Egypt, 373-382 (2008) @No $ @ @  Canavos G.C. and Koutrouvelis I.A., An introduction to the design and analysis of experiments, Pearson Education, Inc., USA, 190-224 (2009) @No $ @ @ Bulut Y. and Aydin H., A kinetic and thermodynamics study of methylene blue adsorption on wheat shells, Desalination194, 259-267 (2005) @No $ @ @  Sivakumar P. and Palanisamy P.N., Adsorption studies of basic Red 29 by a non-conventional activated carbon prepared from Euphorbia antiquorum L, International Journal of Chem. Tec. Research, 1 (3), 502-510 (2009) @No $ @ @  Sekar M., Sakthi V. and Rengaraj S., Kinetics and equilibrium adsorption study of Lead (II) onto activated carbon prepared from coconut shell, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 279(2), 307-313 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ahmad A.A., Hameed B.H. and Aziz N., Adsorption of direct dye on palm ash: kinetic and equilibrium modeling, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 094, 1-10 (2006) @No $ @ @  Maheswari P., Venilamani N., Madhavakrishnan S., Shabudeen P.S., Venckatesh R. and Pattabhi, S., Utilization of Sago waste as an adsorbent for the removal of Cu(II) ion from aqeous solution, E – Journal of Chemistry, 5(2), 233-242 (2008) @No  
<#LINE#>Pre-treatment of Antibiotic Wastewater Using an Anaerobic Reactor<#LINE#>S.@Chelliapan,S.@Golar<#LINE#>59-63<#LINE#>09.pdf<#LINE#> UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (International Campus),  Jalan Semarak, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA @ Environmental Engineering Group, School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne,  Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK <#LINE#>23/7/2011<#LINE#>29/7/2011<#LINE#> Effluents from manufacturing operations in the pharmaceutical industry, such as antibiotic formulation, usually contain recalcitrant compounds. An approach towards appropriate technology for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewaters has become imperative due to strict water quality legislation for environmental protection. Typically, pharmaceutical wastewater is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and some pharmaceutical wastewaters can have COD as high as 80,000 mg.L-1. Due to high organic content, anaerobic technology is a promising alternative for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Results from literature on the anaerobic treatment of antibiotic wastewaters demonstrate that anaerobic treatment is not commonly used as the means for treating pharmaceutical wastewaters containing antibiotics. Consequently, in the present study, an Up-Flow Anaerobic Packed Bed reactor was employed to treat pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotics. The effect of organic loading rate (OLR) was assessed by adjusting feed substrate concentration and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The reactor performance was characterized in terms of COD removal, volatile fatty acid (VFA), gas production, methane yield and pH. Results from the study showed a COD reduction of 60 – 70% at an OLR of 1.5 – 4.6 kg COD.m-3.d-1, suggesting the biomass had acclimated to the antibiotics. However, when the OLR was increased theCOD removal efficiency decreased gradually until only around 50% soluble COD removal was observed at an OLR of 5.6 kg COD.m-3.d-1, indicating as OLR was increased, the increasing load of antibiotics may have affected the methanogens. <#LINE#> @ @ Callely A.G., Forster C.F. and Stafford D.A., Treatment of Industrial Effluents, USA,  (1977) @No $ @ @ LaPara T.M., Nakatsu C.H., Pantea L.M. and Alleman J.E.,  Stability of the bacterial communities supported by seven-stage biological process treating pharmaceutical wastewater as revealed by PCR-DGGE, Water Res., 36, 638- 646 (2002) @No $ @ @  Young J. and McCarty P., The anaerobic filter for waste treatment, J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 41, 160- 163 (1969) @No $ @ @  Young J.C., Factors affecting the design and performance of up-flow anaerobic filters, Water Sci.  Technol., 24, 133-155 (1991) @No $ @ @  Kennedy K.J. and Droste R.L., Anaerobic wastewater treatment in down-flow stationary fixed film reactors, Water Sci.  Technol., 24, 157-177 (1991) @No $ @ @  Speece R.E., Anaerobic biotechnology for industrial wastewater, Archae Press, Tennessee, USA, (1996) @No $ @ @  American Public Health Association (APHA), In: Greenberg, A.E., Trussell, R.R., Clisceri, L.S. (Eds.), Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 16th Ed., Washington, DC., USA (1998) @No $ @ @  LaPara T.M., Nakatsu C.H., Pantea L. M. and Alleman J.E., Aerobic biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater: Effect of temperature on cod removal and bacterial community development, Water Res.,35, 4417-4425 (2001) @No $ @ @   Rodriguez-Martinez J., Garza-Garcia Y., AguileraCarbo A., Martinez-Amador S.Y. and Sosa-Santillan G.J., Influence of nitrate and sulphate on the anaerobic treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, Eng. Life Sci., 5, 568-573 (2005) @No $ @ @  Nandy T. and Kaul S.N., Anaerobic pre-treatment of herbal-based wastewater using fixed-film reactor with recourse to energy recovery, Water Res., 35, 351-362 (2001) @No $ @ @  Penaud V., Delgenes JP., Torrijos M., Moletta R., Vanhoutte B. and Cans P., Definition of optimal conditions for the hydrolysis and acidogenesis of a pharmaceutical microbial biomass, Proc. Biochem.125, 515-521 (1997) @No $ @ @  Elefsiniotis P. and Oldham W.K., Effect of HRT on acidogenic digestion of primary sludge. J. Envir. Eng.120, 645–660 (1994) @No  
<#LINE#>XRD and UV-VIS-IR Studies of Chemically-Synthesized Copper Selenide Thin Films.<#LINE#>N.A.@Okereke,A.J.@Ekpunobi<#LINE#>64-70<#LINE#>10.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Industrial Physics, Anambra State University, Uli, NIGERIA @ Department of Physics and Industrial Physics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, NIGERIA <#LINE#> 25/7/2011<#LINE#> 2/8/2011<#LINE#> Thin films of copper selenide have been prepared by chemical bath deposition method on a glass substrate at room temperature. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopeand spectrophotometer. The XRD pattern indicates that this film was crystallized in the structure.  The band gap energy was found to be both direct and indirect. The results are analyzed and discussed. <#LINE#> @ @  Pathan H.M., Lokhande C.D., Amalner D.P. and Seth T., Studies on the chemical bath deposition and physiochemical properties of CuIn chalcogenide thin films, Appl. Surf. Sci., 21, 48-55 (2003) @No $ @ @   Herman A.M. and Fabick L., J. Crystal Growth, 61, 658-666 (1983) @No $ @ @   Murali R. and John X., Chalcogenide Letters, 6, 683-687 (2009) @No $ @ @  Chopra K.L., and Das S.R., Thin Film Solar Cells, Plenium Press, New York. Transparent conductors – a status review, Thin Solid Films, 102, 1 -146 (1983) @No $ @ @   Chen W.S., Stewart J.M. and Mickelson R.A., Appl. Phys. Lett.,46, 1095-2000 (1985) @No $ @ @   Padam G.K and Rao S.U.M., Preparation of and characterization of chemically deposited CuInS thin films, Thin Solid Films,150, L89 (1987) @No $ @ @   Okereke N .A., Ezenwa I.A. and Ekpunobi A.J., (2010) @No $ @ @  Effect of bath parameters on thicknesses of chemically deposited copper selenide thin films. Natural and Appl. Sci. Journ., 11, 170-173 (2010) @No $ @ @    Theye M., Optical properties of thin films in Chopra K.L. and Malhotra L.K. (eds), Thin Films Technology and Applications, Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co; New Delhi, 163-173 (1985) @No $ @ @   Garcia V.M. Nair M.T.S., Nair P.K. and Zungaro R.A., Preparation ofhighly photosensitive CdSe thin films by a chemical bath deposition techniques, Journ. of Semicond. Sci.Technol.,11, 427 – 432 (1996) @No $ @ @   Bari R.H., Ganesan V., Potadar S. and Patil L.A., Structural, optical and electrically deposited copper selenide films,Bull.Mater. Sci.,32, 37-42 (2009) @No $ @ @  Fairul S., Abdul R. and Zulkarnain Z., Electrophoretic deposition and characterization of copper selenide thin films, The Malaysian Journ. of Analytical Sci.,II, 324-330 (2007) @No $ @ @  Ming-Zhe  X., Yong-Ning  Z., Bin  Z., Le Y., Hua Z. and Zheng-Wen  F.,  Fabricationand electrochemical characterization of copper selenide thin films by pulsed laser deposition, Journ. of Electrochem.Soc., 153 (12),  A2262-A2262 (2006) @No $ @ @   Chopra K.L., Kainthla R.C., Pandya D.K., and Thakoor A.P., Physics of Thin Films 12 ed G Hass et al (New York: Academic) 201-210 (1982) @No $ @ @   Vandeperre L. and Van der Biest O., Electrophoretic deposition of materials, J. Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci., 29, 327-352 (1999) @No $ @ @   Grozdanov I.,Semicon, Sci. Technol. , 6-9 (1994) @No $ @ @   Lakshimi M., Bindu K., Bini S., Vijay Kumer K.P., Kartha C.S, Abe T. and Kashiuraba Y., Thin Solid Films,370, 89 – 92 (2000) @No $ @ @   Pathan H.M. and Lokhande C.D., Deposition of metal chalcogenide thin films by successive ionic layer absorption and reaction (SILAR) method, Bull. Mater. Sci., 27, 85-111 (2004) @No $ @ @   Gutowski J., Michler P., Ruckman H., Brvnig H. Rowe M., Sebald K., and Voss T., Excitions in wide gap semiconductors coherence, dynamics, and lasing, Phys. Stat. 501 B, 234, 70-82 (2000) @No  
<#LINE#>Assessment of the Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Potential of the Aqueous Extract of Tinospora Cordifolia<#LINE#>R.@Upadhyaya,R.P.@Pandey,V.@Sharma,K.@VermaAnita<#LINE#>71-79<#LINE#>11.pdf<#LINE#> 1Nanobiotech Lab, Dept. of Zoology, K. M. College, University of Delhi, Delhi- 110007, INDIA @  Dept. of Botany, MKR Government College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA<#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#>14/8/2011<#LINE#> Immunomodulation relates to potentiation or suppression of the immune responses of the host, depending on the requirement of the situation. Tinospora cordifolia (T.C.), an indispensable medicinal plant, has been used for the treatment of various diseases and has been recommended for improving the immune system. In the current study, we have evaluated the cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract of T.C. using in vitro and ex vivo models. Results show that there was dose-dependant cytotoxicity in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. ~90% cytotoxicity was observed 72 hours post-treatment with 100µg/ml of T.C. extract. Interestingly, a low dose of 1µg/ml also showed ~60% cytotoxicity. Further, the aqueous extract of T.C. exhibited boosting of phagocytic ability of macrophages, remarkable enhancement in nitric oxide production by stimulation of splenocytes and macrophages at 1mg/kg dosage of the extract. Immunomodulatory ability of a compound can be determined by its capability to influence the cytokine production, mitogenicity, stimulation and activation of immune effector cells. The extracts have been investigated for their effect on the cytokine profile (IL-6) by ELISA. Splenocytes cultured in low concentration of T.C, as low as 1.56 g/ml, produced significantly higher levels of IL-6 as compared to un-stimulated cells. The present study reveals the multifaceted immunomodulatory potential of T.C.. <#LINE#> @ @  Amirghofran Z., Azadmehr A., Javidnia K., Haussknechtia elymatica: A plant with immunomodulatory effects, Iran J Immunol., 126-31 (2007) @No $ @ @  Kapur P., Pereira B.M., Wuttke W., and Jarry H., Androgenic action of Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic extract    in prostate cancer Cell line LNCaP, Phytomedicine, 16(6-7), 679-82 (2008) @No $ @ @  Barthwal J., Nair S. and Kakkar P., Heavy metal accumulation in medicinal plants collected from environmentally different sites, Biomed Environ Sci., 21(4), 319-24 (2008) @No $ @ @  Rao S.K., Rao P.S., Rao B.N., Preliminary investigation of  the radio-sensitizing  activity of guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)in tumor bearing mice , Phytother Res., 22(11), 1482-9 (2008) @No $ @ @  Bellini M.F., Angeli J.P.F., Mutuao R., Tererzan A.P., Ribeiro L.R. and Mantovani M.S.,  Antigentoxicity of Agaricus blazei mushroom organic and aqueous extracts in chromosomal aberration ans cytokinesis block micronucleus assays in CHO-K1 and HTC cells. Toxicol. Vitro, 20, 355-360 (2006) @No $ @ @  BN Ames , Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogens, Oxygen radicals and degenerative diseases, Science 221(4617)  1256-1264 (1983) @No $ @ @   Ames B.N., Profet M., and Gold L.S.,Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural)  , PNAS, 87 (19) 7777-7781(1990) @No $ @ @   Demma J, Engidawork E. and Hellman B., Potential genotoxicity of plant extracts used in Ethiopian traditional medicine,. J Ethnopharmacol,122(1),136-42 (2009) @No $ @ @  Akiyama M., Umeki S., Ksunoki Y., Kyoizumi S., Nakamura N., Mori T., Ishikawa Y., Yamakido M., Ohama K., Kodama T., Endo K. and Cologne J. B., Somatic Cell mutations as a possible predictor of cancer risk, Health Phy., 68, 643-649 (1995) @No $ @ @   Godec M.S., Asher D.M., Masters C.L., Kozachuk W.E., Friedland R.P., Gibbs C.J., Jr, Gajdusek D.C., Rapoport S.I., and Schapiro MB. Evidence against the transmissibility of Alzheimer's disease, , Neurology,  41(8), 1320 (1991) @No $ @ @  De Flora S., Izzotti A., Randerath K., Randerath E., Bartsch H., Nair J., Balansky R., van Schooten F., Degan P., Fronza G., Walsh D., and Lewtas J. DNA adducts and chronic degenerative disease. Pathogenetic relevance and implications in preventive medicine, Mutat Res.366(3),197-238 (1996) @No $ @ @   Prescilla V.Jeurink, Cristina Lull Noguera, Huub F.J. Savelkoul and Harry J. Wichers, Immunomodulatory capacity of fungal proteins on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, International Immunopharmacology, 8(8) 1124 (2008) @No $ @ @   Rao S.K., Rao P.S., and Rao B.N., Preliminary investigation of  the radio-sensitizing  activity of guduchi  (Tinospora cordifolia)in tumor bearing mice, Phytother Res., 22(11), 1482-9 (2008) @No $ @ @   Singh S.S., Pandey S.C., Srivastava S., Gupta V.S., Patro B. and Ghosh A.C., chemistry and medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi) Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 35, 83-91(2003) @No $ @ @ Chaudhary R., Jahan S., Goyal P.K., Chemopreventive potential of an Indian medicinal plant (Tinospora cordifolia) on skin carcinogenesis in mice, J.Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol.,27(3), (233-43) (2008) @No $ @ @   Sudhakaran D.S., Srirekha P., Devasree L.D., Premsingh S., and Michael R.D., Immunostimulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia Miers leaf extract in Oreochromis mossambicus, Indian J Exp Bio., 44(9)726-32 (2006) @No $ @ @   Kamla P. Mishra, Lilly Ganju, Sudipta Chanda, Dev Karan and Ramesh C. Sawhney, Aqueous extract of Rhodiola imbricata Toll-like receptor-4, granzyme-B and Th1 Cytokine in vitro Immunobiology, 214 27-31 (2009) @No $ @ @   Stein G.M. and Berg P.A., Modulation of cellular and humoral immune responses during exposure of healthy individuals  to an Aqueous mistletoe extract, Eur J Med Res.,3(6) 307-14 (1998) @No $ @ @   Van Der Rest B., Rolland N., Boisson A.M., Ferro M., Bligny R., and Douce R.,Identification and characterization of plant glycerol-phosphodiester phosphodiesterase, Biochem. J.,379, 601–607 (2004) @No $ @ @   Stich T.M., Determination of protein covalently bound to agarose supports using bicinchoninic acid, Anal Biochem,  191 (2), 343-6 (1990) @No $ @ @   Laemmli U. K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4, Nature, 277, 680-684 (1970) @No $ @ @  Mosmann T., Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays, J.Immunol Methods,  65(1-2), 55-63 (1983) @No $ @ @   Subramanian M., Chintalwar G.J., Chattopadhyay S., Antioxidant properties of a Tinospora cordifolia polysaccharide against iron mediated lipid damage and gamma-ray induced protein damage, Redox Rep., 7, 137-143 (2002) @No $ @ @   Jahfar M., Glycosyl composition of polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, Acta Pharm.,53(1), 65-9 (2003) @No $ @ @    Patwardhan B., Warude D., Pushpagandhan P., Bhatt N., Ayurveda and  traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,, 465–73 (2005) @No $ @ @    Ganesh Chandra Jagetia and Shaival Kamalaksha Rao  Evaluation of Cytotoxic Effects of Dichloromethane Extract of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia Miers ex Hook F & Thoms) on Cultured HeLa Cells, eCAM, 3(2), 267–272 (2006) @No $ @ @   Ladel C.H., Blum C., Dreher A., Reifenberg K., Kopf M. and Kaufmann S.H., Lethal tuberculosis in interleukin-6- deficient mutant mice Infect Immun; 65, 4843-9 (1997) @No $ @ @   Anguita J., Rincon M., Samanta S., Barthold S.W., Flavell R.A. and Fikrig E., Borrelia burgdorferi-infected, interleukin-6-deficient mice have decreased Th2 responses and increased lyme arthritis, J Infect Dis,  178, 1512–5(1998) @No $ @ @   Williams D.M., Grubbs B.G., Darville T., Kelly K. and Rank RG., A role for interleukin-6 in host defense against murine Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Infect Immun,66, 4564–7 (1998) @No $ @ @   Khalil A., Tullus K., Bartfai T., Bakhiet M., Jaremko G. and Brauner A, Renal cytokine responses in acute Escherichia coli pyelonephritis in IL-6-deficient mice, Clin Exp Immunol,122, 200–6 (2000) @No $ @ @   Suzuki Y., Rani S. and Liesenfeld O., et al., Impaired resistance to the development of toxoplasmic encephalitis in interleukin-6-deficient mice, Infect Immun65, 2339–45 (1997) @No $ @ @   Gao W., Pereira M.A., Interleukin-6 is required for parasite specific response and host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi, Int J Parasitol, 32, 167–70 (2002) @No $ @ @   Bienz M., Dai W.J., Welle M., Gottstein B. and Muller N., Interleukin-6- deficient mice are highly susceptible to Giardia lamblia infection but exhibit normal intestinal immunoglobulin A responses against the parasite, Infect Immun, 71,1569–73 (2003) @No $ @ @  Cenci E., Mencacci A., Casagrande A., Mosci P., Bistoni F. and Romani L., Impaired antifungal effector activity but not inflammatory cell recruitment in interleukin-6-deficient mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, J Infect Dis,184, 610–7 (2001) @No $ @ @   Gallucci R.M., Simeonova P.P., Matheson J.M., Kommineni C., Guriel J.L., Sugawara T. and Luster M.I., Impaired cutaneous wound healing in interleukin-6-deficient and immunosuppressed mice, FASEB J, (14), 2525–31 (2000) @No $ @ @  Kovalovich K., DeAngelis R.A., Li W., Furth E.E., Ciliberto G., and Taub R., Increased toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis in interleukin-6- deficient mice. Hepatology,  31,149–59(2000) @No $ @ @   Lin Z.Q., Kondo T., Ishida Y., Takayasu T. and Mukaida N., Essential involvement of IL-6 in the skin wound-healing process as evidenced by delayed wound healing in IL-6-deficient mice, J Leukoc Biol., 73, 713–21 (2003) @No $ @ @    Swartz K.R., Liu F., Sewell D., Schochet T., Campbell I., Sandor M. and Fabry Z., Interleukin-6 promotes post-traumatic healing in the central nervous system. Brain Res; (896), 86–95 (2001) @No $ @ @   Gallucci R.M., Sloan D.K., Heck J.M., Murray A.R. and O’Dell S.J., Interleukin 6 indirectly induces keratinocyte migration, J Invest Dermatol,122, 764–72 (2004) @No $ @ @    Xu XJ, Hao J.X., Andell-Jonsson S., Poli V., Bartfai T., Wiesenfeld- Hallin Z., Nociceptive responses in interleukin-6-deficient mice to peripheral inflammation and peripheral nerve section. Cytokine,, 1028–33 (1997) @No $ @ @   Molotkov A., Satoh M., and Tohyama C., Tumor growth and food intake in interleukin-6 gene knock-out mice, Cancer Lett,132,187–92 (1998) @No $ @ @   Nemeth E., Rivera S., Gabayan V., Keller C., Taudorf S., Pedersen B.K., Ganz T., IL-6 mediates hypoferremia of inflammation by inducing the synthesis of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, J Clin Invest,(113), 1271–6 (2004) @No  
@Short Communication
<#LINE#>TL Glow Curve and Kinetic study of Eu3  doped SrY2O4 Phosphors<#LINE#>Jagjeet@Kaur,N.S.@Suryanarayana,Vikas@Dubey,Neha@Rajput<#LINE#>80-83<#LINE#>12.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Physics, Govt. Vishwanath Yadav Tamaskar Post Graduate Autonomous College, Durg (C.G.), INDIA  <#LINE#>04/7/2011<#LINE#>12/7/2011<#LINE#> The present paper reports TL glow curve of Eu3+ doped SrY phosphor with different UV exposure time. The glow peak shows second order kinetics and evaluations of kinetic parameter were done by peak shape method. Calculations of trap depth were done with different methods and order of kinetics, activation energy and frequency factor are calculated. The recorded glow curve shifts longer temperature side with respect to UV exposure. The peaks were found 155C, 160C, 164C and 168C respectively using the heating rate 3C/s. <#LINE#> @ @ Zhou Liya, Shi Jianxin and Gong Menglian, Red phosphor SrY:Eu3+ synthesized by the sol–gel method, Journal of Luminescence, (113), 285-290 (2005) @No $ @ @ Yang Jikai, Xiao Siguo, Ding Jianwen YangXiaoliang and Wang Xiangfu, Preparation and photoluminescence properties of SrY:Yb3+, Er3+powders, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, (474),424-427 (2009) @No $ @ @    Huang Cuiying, You Wansheng, Dang Liqin, LEI Zhibin, Sun Zhengang and Zhang Lancui, Effect of  Nd3+ Doping on Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 Nanoparticles for Water Decomposition to Hydrogen,        Chinese Journal of Catalysis(27), 203-209 (2006) @No $ @ @   Jiao Qing-Ze, Tian  Zhou-Ling  and Zhao Yun, Preparation of nickel hydroxide nanorods/nanotubes and microscopic nanorings under hydrothermal conditions, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, (9), 519-522 (2003) @No $ @ @  Murthy K.V.R. et al., Role of fluorescent lamp phosphors in accidental radiation dosimetry, Journal of Radiation Measurements, (36), 483-485(2003) @No $ @ @  Subramanyam R.V. et al. proc. ISLA-2000, Ed.KVR Murthy et al. Publ. by M.S., University of Baroda, (2)180-185 (2000) @No $ @ @  Padmaja B. et al., Proc. of ICLA-2008, (2), 45-47 (2008) @No $ @ @  Chen R. and Mckeever S.W.S., Theory of thermoluminescence and related phenomenon world scientificPub. Co1997, Ed. KVR Murthy et al, Dec – (2000) @No $ @ @  Videa M., Xu W., Geil B. et al., High Li self diffusitivity and transport number in novel electrolute solutions, J.Electrochem. Soc.,(148), A1352 (2001) @No $ @ @  Park S.J., Park C.H., Yu B.Y. et al.; structure and luminescence of SrY:Eu, J.electrochem. Soc., 146, 3903 (1999) @No  
<#LINE#>Microwave Mediated Dearylation of 2-Aryloxy-5-Nitropyridine<#LINE#>Samir@Kher,Kamlesh@Chavan,Santanu@Medhi,Rajiv@Sharma,Nabajyoti@Deka<#LINE#>84-87<#LINE#>13.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Piramal Life Sciences Limited, 1Nirlon Complex, Goregaon East, Mumbai 400063, INDIA  <#LINE#>19/7/2011<#LINE#>26/7/2011<#LINE#> 2-aryloxy-5-nitropyridine derivatives exhibited ether cleavage reaction on treatment with alcohols/amines in presence of base like KCO, CsCO, NaOH, t-BuOK, etc. under microwave irradiation to yield corresponding phenols and 5-nitro-2-substituted pyridine. <#LINE#> @ @  Oussaid A., Thach L.N., Loupy A., Selective Dealkylation of Aryl Ether in Heterogeneous Basic Media under Microwave Irradiation, Tetrahedron Letters, 38, 2451-2454 (1997) @No $ @ @   Sala T., Sargent M.V., Depsidone synthesis. Part 14, The total synthesis of psoromic acid: isopropyl ethers as useful phenolic protective groups, J Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans 1, 2593-2598 (1979) @No $ @ @   Tiecco M., Selective Dealkylations of Aryl Alkyl Ethers, Thioethers, and Selenoethers, Synthesis, 749-759 (1988) @No $ @ @   Lu Fachuang, Ralph John, DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 1. New Method for -Aryl Ether Cleavage: Lignin Model Studies, J. Agric. Food. Chem., 45, 4655-4660 (1997) @No $ @ @  McOmie J.F.W., Watta M.L. and West D.E., Demethylation of aryl methyl ethers by boron tribromide,Tetrahedron, 24, 2289-2292 (1968) @No $ @ @  Marion F., Williums D.E., Patrick B.O., Hollander I,  Mallon R.,  Kim S.C., Roll D.M., Feldberg L., Soest R.V., Andersen R J.,Liphagal- a Selective Inhibitor of PI3 Kinase  Isolated from the Sponge Aka coralliphaga:  Structure Elucidation and Biomimetic Synthesis,  Organic Letters, , 321-324 (2006) @No $ @ @  Kuhnert N., Clifford M.N., Radenac A.G., Boron trifluoride–etherate mediated synthesis of 3-desoxyanthocyanidins including a total synthesis of tricetanidin from black tea, Tetrahedron Letters, 42, 9261-9263 (2001) @No $ @ @  Desai H.K., Joshi B.S., Pelletier W., Newton M.G., Crystal and molecular structure of 16,18-di-O-acetyl-16, 18-didemethyldelphinine, J Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research,22, 375 (1992) @No $ @ @  M. Hurriayoun Akhtar,  S. Mahadevan, Faye Russell., Cleavage of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid by chicken microsomal preparations, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 28, 527-543, (1993) @No $ @ @  Walter Yu, Jeffrey M. Dener,Daniel A. Dickman, Paul Grothaus, Yun Ling, Liang Liu, Chris Havel, Kimberly Malesky, Tania Mahajan, Colin O’Brian, Emma J. Shelton, David Sperandio, Zhiwei Tong, Robert Yee and Joyce J. Mordenti., Identification of metabolites of the tryptase inhibitor CRA-9249: Observation of a metabolite derived from an unexpected hydroxylation pathwayBioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters16, 4053-4058 (2006) @No $ @ @  Bhatt M.V., Kulkarni S.U., Cleavage of Ethers,  Synthesis, 249-282, (1983) @No $ @ @  Burwell R.L. Jr., The Cleavage of Ethers, Chemical Review, 54, 615 (1954) @No $ @ @  John T. Gupton., Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry - Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg  , 53–92 (2006) @No $ @ @  Sharghi H., Tamaddon F.,BeCl2 as a new highly selective reagent for dealkylation of aryl-methyl ethers, Tetrahedron52, 13623 (1996) @No $ @ @  Urich D., Baerbel F.,  Herbert R., Gerhard S., Rainer Formaldehyd-O-oxid und Colchicine: ein eleganter Zugang zu Allocolchicinen,  J. Prakt. Chem.,340, 468-471 (1998) @No $ @ @  Radhakrishna A.S., Prasad K.R.K., Suri S.K., Sivaprakash K., Sing B.B., Potassium Fluoride on Alumina—A New Reagent for Selective-O-Demethylation of Arylalkyl Ethers, Synth. Commun, 21, 379 (1991) @No $ @ @  Sato N., Kato Y.,Studies on pyrazines,  A. convenient synthesis of 2, 5-dihydroxypyrazines, J. Herocycl. Chem., 23, 1677 (1986) @No $ @ @  Siskin M., Katritzky Alan-R., Aqueous organic chemistry-Cleavage of diaryl ethers, Energy Fuels, , 770-771 (1991) @No $ @ @   Park Hyun-Ja, Lee Jong-Cheol, Kim Yeong-Joon, Lee Kee., Unexpected Behavior of 5-Phenoxypyrazole Derivatives, Bull. Korean. Chem. Soc26, 668-670 (2005) @No $ @ @  Lidstrom P., Tierney J., Wathey B., Westman J., Corrigendum to “Microwave assisted organic synthesis—a review, Tetrahedron 57, 9225-9283 (2001) @No $ @ @  Kappe C.O., Controlled Microwave Heating in Modern Organic Synthesis, Angew. Chem. Ind., 43, 6250 (2004) @No $ @ @  Selvakumar S., Easwaramurthy M., Raju G.J., Ecofriendly solvent free microwave enhanced alkyl migration in N-alkyl aniline in dry media condition,Indian Journal of Chemistry, 46B, 713-715 (2007) @No $ @ @  Deka N., Mariotte A.M., Boumendjel A.,Microwave mediated solvent-free acetylation of deactivated and hindered phenols, Green Chemistry, , 263-264 (2001) @No $ @ @  Fredrikson Anna,  Elander S-Stone.,  Rapid microwave-assisted cleavage of methyl phenyl ethers: new method for synthesizing desmethyl precursors and for removing protecting groups, J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm., 45, 529-538 (2002) @No $ @ @  Kulkarni P.P., Kadam A.J., Mane R.B., Desai U.V., Wadgaokar P.P.,  Demethylation of Methyl Aryl Ethers using Pyridine Hydrochloride in Solvent-free Conditions under Microwave Irradiation,  J. Chem. Res (s), 39, 394-395 (1999) @No $ @ @   Radhakrishna A.S., Prasad R.K.R., Rapid microwave-assisted cleavage of methyl phenyl ethers-new method for synthesizing desmethyl precursors and for removing protecting groups, Synth Commun, 21, 379-383 (1991) @No $ @ @   Zhuan Fang, Guo-Chuan Zhou, Shi-Long Zheng, Guang-Li He, Ju-Lian Li, Ling He, Di BeiLithium chloride-catalyzed selective demethylation of aryl methyl ethers under microwave irradiation, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 274, 16-23 (2007) @No 
<#LINE#>Microstructural Studies of Cast Zinc - Aluminum-Sic-Graphite Hybrid Composites<#LINE#>C.H.@Prakash,R.D.@Pruthviraj<#LINE#>88-90<#LINE#>14.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Marine Science and Technology, Massawa, ERITREA, North – East AFRICA @ Department of Chemistry, Amruta Institute of Engg and Management Sciences, Bidadi, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA <#LINE#>26/7/2011<#LINE#>31/7/2011<#LINE#> Since ages, Zn-Al and its alloys have found extensive applications in manufacture of bushes and bearings, heat transfer conductors, high conductivity electrical contractors and so on. However, currently, in all these applications, there is a significant enhancement in the service loads, wear resistance; conductivity thus forcing the material researchers to develop a newer class of Zn-Al based advanced materials. In this direction, researchers have focused their attention on improving the strength and the tribological properties by reinforcing Zn-Al with hard ceramic reinforcements such as silicon carbide and titanium carbide. The major drawbacks of these Zn-Al based composites are reduced conductivity and poor machinability. To overcome this, efforts are on to make use of a soft phase such as graphite as a additional reinforcement to the conventional Zn-Al based hard reinforced composites. Graphite being a solid lubricant can improve the machinability of the composites. Furthermore, graphite possess excellent thermal and electrical conductivity thereby, can improve the conducting capability of Zn-Al composites. In the light of the above facts, this paper aims at discussing the tribological characteristics of cast Zn-Al -SiC-graphite hybrid composites. <#LINE#> @ @  Noor Ahmed R. and Mir Safiulla, 3rd International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing and Technology (ICAMAT) 2004, Kaulalumpur, 836, 11-13 (2004) @No $ @ @  Rohatgi P.K., Kumar Pradeep and Kim, Casting of Zn-Al alloys containing dispersed graphite particles in rotating moulds, Foundryman V91n, 167 (1998) @No $ @ @  Rohatgi P.K. and Roy S., AFS Transaction, volume 100, P1. (1997) @No $ @ @   Rohatgi P.K. and Kim J.K., Processing and properties of cast metal matrix composites, TMS material week, Cincinatty, OH, 271 (1996) @No 
<#LINE#>Comparative Study of Synthetic Pyrethroid Lambda-cyhalothrin and Neem based Pesticide Neemgold on the Fingerlings of Zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae)<#LINE#>M.K.@Ahmad,D.K.@Sharma,S.@Ansari,B.A.@Ansari<#LINE#>91-94<#LINE#>15.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Zoology, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur - 273 009 (UP) INDIA <#LINE#>28/7/2011<#LINE#>1/8/2011<#LINE#> Toxicity tests using early life stages of fish are of great importance in assessing risk to growth, reproduction and survival in polluted environments and are important tools for good environmental monitoring. In the present study, the toxicity of Lambda-cyhalothrin and Neemgold to the fingerlings of Zebrafish was evaluated. Five different concentrations viz. 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12 and 0.15µg/l for Lambda-cyhalothrin and 0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55 and 0.60µg/l were selected for Neemgold. The 96h LC50 value for Lambda-cyhalothrin was calculated to be 0.072, 0.066, 0.058 and 0.053µg/l and for Neemgold 0.52, 0.50, 0.49 and 0.46µg/l. The toxicity of zebrafish fingerlings was time as well as concentration dependent. The fingerlings were more sensitive to Lambda-cyhalothrin than to the Neemgold. <#LINE#> @ @ El-Tawil O.S. and Abdel-Rahman M.S., The rate of enzyme induction and inhibition on Cypermethrin hepatotoxicity, Pharmacol. Res., 44, 33-40 (2001) @No $ @ @ Sharma S.K., Dua V.K. and Sharma V.P., Field studies on the repellent action of neem oil. South-East Asian, J. Trop. Med. Pub. Helth.,26, 180-182 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ansari B.A. and Sharma D.K., Toxic effect of synthetic pyrethroid Deltamethrin and Neem Based formulation Achook on Zebrafish, Daniorerio, Trends in Biosci.,2(2), 18-20 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ansari B.A. and Ahmad M.K., Toxicity of synthetic pyrethroid Lambda-cyhalothrin and Neem based pesticides Neemgold on Zebrafish, Danio rerio(Cyprinidae), Global J. Environ. Res., 4, 151-154 (2010a) @No $ @ @ Ansari B.A. and Ahmad M.K., Toxicity of pyretheroid Lambda-cyhalothrin and Neemgold to the embryo of Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Cyprinidae), J. Appl. Biosci.,36(1), 163-165 (2010b) @No $ @ @ Sharma D.K. and Ansari B.A., Effect of the synthetic Pyrethroid Deltamethrin and the neem based pesticide Achook on the reproductive ability of Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Cyprinidae), Arch. Pol. Fish.,18, 157-161 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ahmad M.K. and Ansari B.A., Toxicity of Neem based pesticide Azacel to the embryo and fingerlings of Zebrafish, Danio rerio (Cyprinidae), World J. Zool.,6, 47-51 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ansari S. and Ansari B.A., Embryo and fingerling toxicity of Dimethoate and effect on fecundity, viability and survival of Zebrafish, Danio rerio(Cyprinidae), World J. Fish Marine Sci.,3(2), 167-173 (2011) @No $ @ @  O.E.C.D., Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Guideline 210 Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test. Adopted July, 17 (1992) @No $ @ @ Ansari B.A. and Kumar K., Malathion Toxicity: Embryotoxicity and Survival of Hatchlings of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio), Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.,14(6), 567-570 (1986) @No $ @ @ Zagatto P.A., Mini-curso: ecotoxicologia aquatic, 7th Congresso Brasileiro de Limnologia. Florianopolis: SBL, 124p (1999) @No $ @ @ Rendan-van-Osten¸ J., In vivo evaluation of three biomarkers in the mosquito fish (Gambusia yucatana) exposed to pesticides, Chemosphere,58, 627-636 (2005) @No $ @ @ Dutta H.M. and Arends D.A., Effects of endosulfan on brain acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile bluegill sunfish, Environ. Res.,91, 157-162 (2003) @No $ @ @ Mondal D., Barat S. and Mukhopadhyay M.K., Toxicity of neem pesticides on a freshwater loach, Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton-Buchanan) of Darjeeling district in West Bengal, J. Environ. Biol.,28(1), 119-122 (2007) @No $ @ @ Schmutterer H., Properties and potential of natural pesticides from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, Ann. Rev. Entomol.,35, 271-297 (1990) @No $ @ @ Mordue A.J. and Blackwell A., Azadirachtin: an update, J. Insect Physiol.,39, 903-924 (1993) @No $ @ @ Gabriel U.U. and Okey I.B., Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Lepidogathis alopecuroides on the behaviours and mortality of hybrid catfish fingerlings, Res. J. Sci. Eng. Tech.,1(3), 116-120 (2009) @No $ @ @ Tilak K.S. and Yacobu K., Toxicity and effect of fenvalerate on fish, Ctenopharyngodon idellus., J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit.,12, 9-15 (2002) @No $ @ @ Scheil V., Kienle C., Osterauer R., Gerhardt A. andKohler H., Effects of 3, 4-dichloroaniline and diazinon on different biological organization levels of Zebrafish Danio rerio) Embryos and larvae, Ecotoxicology,18,355-363 (2008) @No $ @ @ Gaikowski M.P., Hamilton S.J., Buhl K.J., McDonald S.F. and Summers C.H., Acute toxicity of fire fighting chemical formulations to four life stages of fathead minnow, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.,34, 252-263 (1996) @No $ @ @  Marty G.D., Nunez J.M., Lauren D.J., Hinton D.E., Age-dependent changes in toxicity to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos, Aquat. Toxicol., 17, 45-62 (1990) @No