@Research Paper <#LINE#>Reductimetric Determination of Copper (II) with Iron (II) in Phosphoric Acid Medium and in Presence of Bromide ion<#LINE#>K.V.@PatruduT.B.,Raju@K.V<#LINE#>6-9<#LINE#>01.pdf<#LINE#> Depertment of Chemistry, GITAM University, Hyderabad campus, College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, INDIA @ Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University, College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, INDIA <#LINE#>14/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>A simple, accurate and convenient reductimetric titration method has been developed for the determination of copper(II) with iron(II). The method consists in titrating copper(II) against iron(II) in a medium containing 7.8M phosphoric acid and about 1.8M potassium bromide, either potentiometrically or visually using a thiazine dye, an oxazine dye or cacotheline as a redox indicator. Copper (II) in the range of 10-30 mg has been determined by the two methods. The accuracy of the potentiometric method is found to be + 0.5% while that of the visual indicator method is + 0.6%. The precision of the methods has been assessed by computing the pooled standard deviations and 95% confidence limits. The conditional redox potentials of the oxidant and reductant systems have been measured. Based on these potentials data the feasibility of the redox reaction has been explained. The interferences due to diverse ions have been studied. <#LINE#> @ @ Kollhoff I.M., Stenger V.A., Belchor R. and Matsugama G., Volumetric Analysis-III, Titration methods: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Interscience publishers, Inc., Newyork, (1957) @No $ @ @ Berka A., Vulterin J. and Zyka J., Newer Redox Titrations pergamon press, London, (1965) @No $ @ @ Ozo B.N., Vakil B.B. and Desai K.R., J. Inst. Chem,55(2), 71 (1983) @No $ @ @ Patel N.K., Franco J. and Chokshi M.R., J.Inst. Chem, 50(5), 208 (1978) @No $ @ @ Goswami S.D., Patel B.M. and Patel B., J.Inst., Chem, 55(2), 68 (1983) @No $ @ @ Murthy N.K. and Chalam G.K., J.Inst. Chem., 53, 47 (1981) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V. and Gautam G.M., Talanta, 15(16),490 (1988) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V., Raju G.B., Rao B.V. and Patrudu T.B., J. Ind. Council Chem,23(2), 76 (2006) @No $ @ @ Dolezal J., Rybacek J. and Zyka J., Cesk. Farm,(In Czeck), 14, 59 (1965) @No $ @ @ Hammock E.W. and Swift E.H., Anal. Chem., 21, 1975 (1949) @No $ @ @ Vogel A.I., A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4th Edn., Longmans, London, 360, 399 (1961) @No $ @ @ Skoog D.A. and West D.M., Analytical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Holt Reinhart and Winston, 66 (1978) @No $ @ @ Dikshitulu L.S.A., Raju K.V. and Rao V.H., Indian J.Chem.,19A, 1031 (1980) @No $ @ @ Knecht E. and Hibbert E., New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, Longmans, London, 101 (1925) @No $ @ @ Szarvas P. and Lantos J., Talanta,10, 477 (1963) @No $ @ @ Ruzicka E., Adamek J. and Andree J., Monatsch. Chem.,97, 1558 (1966) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V., Sudhakar G.D. and Patrudu T.B., Asian J.Chem,19(1), 683 (2007) @No $ @ @ Robert M.S. and Arthur E.M., Critical Stability Constants Plenum Press, New York, Vol.IV (1976) @No $ @ @ Conant J.B. and Fieser L.F., J.Am. Chem., Soc, 46, 1858 (1924) @No $ @ @ Rao G.G. and Sagi S.R., Talanta,, 715 (1962) @No <#LINE#>Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon derived from Fluted Pumpkin Stem Waste (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F)<#LINE#>O.A.@Ekpete,JNR@HorsfallM.<#LINE#>10-17<#LINE#>02.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Chemistry, Rivers State University of Education, Port Harcourt P.M.B 5047, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA @ Dept. of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Uniport, Choba, Port Harcourt, NIGERIA <#LINE#>17/4/2011<#LINE#>29/4/2011<#LINE#> Powdered activated carbon was prepared from activated carbon derived from fluted pumpkin stem waste. Carbonisation was done at 350C for two hours and allowed to cool at room temperature for three hours before activation with 0.3M HPO4 (Ortho phosphoric acid) and heated to 300C for thirty minutes. Characterization of pH, bulk density, pHpzc, porosity and iodine number was conducted and compared to a commercial activated carbon. The data obtained when subjected to t-Test statistical analysis showed that, the activated carbon samples, texp DF for the following properties, volatile matter, phenol content of the activated carbons and particle density indicating no significant difference on both activated carbon. A significant difference in the properties of moisture, pH, porosity, ash content, iodine number, carboxylic acid content, lactones, pHpzc and basic sites content were observed on the activated carbons.<#LINE#> @ @ Fawzi A. and Banat S., Biosorption of phenol by chicken feathers, Environ Engg and Policy,86, 85-90 (2000) @No $ @ @ Horsfall M., Jnr. Abia A.A. and Spiff A.I., A removal of Cu 2+ and Zn2+ ions from wastewater by cassava (Manichol esculentus cranz) Waste Biomass, African Journal Biotechnology, 2, 969-976 (2003) @No $ @ @ Gimba C. and Musa I., Preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste: cyanide binding with activated carbon matrix from coconut shell, J Chem. Nigeria,32, 167 – 170 (2007) @No $ @ @ Wankasi D., Horsfall M. Jnr. and Spiff A.I., Sorption kinetics of Pb 2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution by Nipah Palm (Nypafruticans wurmb) shoot biomass, Electronic journal of Biotechnology 9, 1-7 (2006) @No $ @ @ Tsai W.T., Chang C.Y., Wang S.Y., Chang C.F., Chien S.F. and Sun H.F., Bioresource Technol.,78, 203-208 (2001) @No $ @ @ Lartey R.B. and Acqual F., Developing national capability for manufacture of activated carbon from agricultural wastes, Ghana Engineer(1999) @No $ @ @ Okieimen F.E., Okiemen C.O. and Wuana R.A., Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from rice husks, J. Chem. Soc.,32, 126-136 (2007) @No $ @ @ Tarawou T. Horsfall, M. Jnr. and Jose V.L., Adsorption of methyl red by water hyacinth eichornia crassipes), Biomass Chemistry & Biodiversity,4, 2236 – 2245 (2007) @No $ @ @ Ekpete O.A. Horsfall M. Jnr. and Tarawou T., Potentials of fluted and commercial activated carbons for phenol removal in aqueous solution, ARPN, Journal of Engineering and applied sciences, , 39-47 (2010) @No $ @ @ Abia A. A., Horsfall M. Jnr. and Didi O., The use of chemically modified and unmodified cassava waste for the removal of Cd2+, Cu2+,and Zn2+ ions from aqueous solution, J. Bioresource Technol, 90, 345-348 (2003) @No $ @ @ Ahmedna M, Marshall W.E. and Rao R.M., Granular activated carbons from agricultural by –products: preparation properties and application in cane sugar refining, Bulletin of Louisana state University Agricultural centre, 54 (2000) @No $ @ @ Dilek, C. and Oznur, U. Production and characterization of activated carbon from bituminous coal by chemical activation. African Journal of Biotechnology,, 3703-3710. (2008) @No $ @ @ Ekpete O. A, Sor E. N., Ogiga E and Amadi J. N., Adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions by mango tree (Mangifera indica) sawdust, Int. J.Biol.Chem.Sci., , 1410-1416 (2010) @No $ @ @ Horsfall M. Jnr. and Spiff A. I., Equilibrium sorption study of Al3+, Co2+ and Ag in aqueous solutions by fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook F) waste biomass, Acta chim. Slov, 52, 174-181 (2005) @No $ @ @ Okoli B. and Nyanayo B., Polynology of Telfairia Occidentalis, L (Cucurbitacae), Folia Geobotanica et phytotaxonomica, 23, 281 – 286 (1988) @No $ @ @ Giami S. and Barber Y., Utilization of protein concentrates from ungeminated and germinated fluted pumpkin (TelfairiaOccidentalis Hook .F)) seeds in cookie formulations, J. Sci .Food .Agric, 84, 1901-1907 (2004) @No $ @ @ Fagbemi T., Oshodi A. and Ipinmoroti K., Processing effects on some anti- nutritional factors and in vitro multi enzyme protein digestibility of three tropical seeds, bread fruit Atocarpusaltilis), cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), Pak.J.Nutr , 205-256 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ganiyu A. O., Hepatoprotective property of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) leaves against garlic induced oxidative stress J. Med. FD, , 560 - 563 (2005) @No $ @ @ Agatemor C., Studies of selected physiochemical properties of fluted pumpkin Telfairia Occidentalis Hook F) seed oil and tropical almond (Terminalia catappia. L) Seed oil, Pak J. Nutr.,, 306-307 (2006) @No $ @ @ Fasuyi O.A., Nutritional potentials of some tropical Vegetables leaf meals, chemical characterization and functional properties, Afri. J. Biotech., 5, 44-53 (2008) @No $ @ @ Gimba C. and Musa, I., Preparation of activated carbon from agricultural waste: cyanide binding with activated carbon matrix from coconut shell, J Chem. Nigeria, 32, 167–170 (2007) @No $ @ @ Rengaraj S., Seung- Hyeon M. and Sivabalm S., Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics: adsorption of phenol from waterand wastewater by palm seed coat activated carbon, Waste Management, 22, 543–548(2002) @No $ @ @ Salame I.I. and Bandosz T.J., Surface chemistry of activated carbons: combining the results of temperature–programmed desorption Boehm and Potentiometric titrations, J. Coll. Int. Sci., 240(1), 256 (2001) @No $ @ @ Strelko Jr., Malik D.J. and Streat M., Characterisation of the surface of oxidised carbon adsorbents, Carbon,40, 95 (2002) @No $ @ @ Jiang Z., Liu Y., Sun X., Tian F., Sun F., Liang C., You W., Han C. and Li C., Activated carbons chemically modified by concentrated SO4 for the adsorption of pollutants from wastewater and dibenzothiophene from fuel oils, Langmuir, 19, 7(2003) @No <#LINE#>Evaluation of Poly (acrylates) and their Copolymer as Viscosity Modifiers<#LINE#>Pranab@Ghosh,Tapan@Das,Moumita@Das<#LINE#>18-25<#LINE#>03.pdf<#LINE#> Natural Product and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory @ Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, INDIA <#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>3/5/2011<#LINE#> Homopolymers ofdecyl acrylate, dodecylacrylate and isodecylacrylate and copolymers of each of them with styrene were synthesized and characterized. Intrinsic viscosity and viscometric molecular weight of each of them were determined by using Huggins and Mark - Houwink equation respectively. Viscosity index improver (VII) properties were tested with additive doped base oil in terms of viscosity index (VI) of the base oil – additive blends. VI values of the additive doped base oils depend on the nature of mineral base oils used and the type and concentration of VI improvers. <#LINE#> @ @ El-Gamel I.M., Ghuiba F.M., El- Batanoney M.H. and Gobiel S., Synthesis and evaluation of acrylate copolymers for improving flow properties of waxy crudes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,52, 9-19, (1994) @No $ @ @ Ford J.F. and Wood J.M., Phosphoramidates of Alpha-olefin Polymers, The British Petroleum Co. Limited, US Patent , 562, 16 (1971) @No $ @ @ Kapur G.S., Sarpal A.S., Mazumdar S. K. Jain, S. K., Srivastava S.P. and Bhatnagar A.K., Structure performance relationships of viscosity index improvers : I micro structural determination of olefin copolymers by NMR spectroscopy, Lubr. Sci.,8(1), 49–60, (1995) @No $ @ @ Mohamed M.M., Hamdi H.A. and Mohamed F. E., Multifunctional viscosity index improvers, J.Chem.Technol. Biot.,60, 283–289 (1994) @No $ @ @ Akhmedov A.I., Copolymer of alkyl methacrylates with styrene as V.I. improvers for lubricating oils. Chem.Tech. Fuels Oil,30(1–2),34-37 (1994) @No $ @ @ Ghosh P., Das T. and Nandi D., Synthesis characterization and viscosity studies of homopolymer of methyl methacrylate and copolymer of methyl methacrylate and styrene, J. Soln. Chem., 40, 67-78 (2011) @No $ @ @ Ghosh P., Das T., Nandi D., Karmakar G. and Mandal A., Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polymer - used as pour point depressant. Int. J. Polym. Mater., 59, 1008-1017 (2010) @No $ @ @ Ghosh P., Das M. and Das T., Synthesis characterization and viscosity studies of acrylate based homo and copolymers, Res. J. Chem. Environ., 14(4), 26-31 (2010) @No $ @ @ Dean E.W. and Davis G.H.B., Viscosity variations of oils with temperature, Chem. Met. Eng., 36(3), 618-619 (1929) @No $ @ @ Eckert R.J.A. and Covey D.F., Development of the field of hydrogenated diene copolymers as viscosity index improver, Lubr. Sci.,, 65(1988) @No $ @ @ Nassar A.M., Synthesis and Evaluation of Viscosity Index Improvers and Pour Point Depressant for Lube Oil, Petrol. Sci. Technol., 26(5), 523-531 (2008) @No <#LINE#>Transport Phenomena Analysis for Evaluating the Optimum Operating Conditions of Reverse Osmosis Processes<#LINE#>Abdulrazaq@JassimAla’a<#LINE#>26-33<#LINE#>04.pdf<#LINE#> Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering College, University of Basrah, IRAQ <#LINE#>25/4/2011<#LINE#>3/5/2011<#LINE#> In this work, a mathematical model for predicting the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants was developed. The proposed model is based on basic transport equations of salt and water across the membrane. The influence of operating variables on the separation efficiency of RO processes can be evaluated by depending on the equations of transport phenomena. The theoretical predication produced by the developed model was compared with the normalized data obtained by Saehan company software CSM2000-program. The comparison indicated that agreement of theoretical values relative to normalized values is about 85%. For specifying the optimum operating conditions, the optimization analysis was carried out by depending on the Modifi cation Hook and Jeeves method. The proposed analysis applied a nonlinear objective function representing the concentration of product water as a function of operating conditions (feed water concentration, operating pressure, and percent recovery). The optimum concentration of permeate water is governed relative to percent recovery with range about (10-46.67%), the test is repeated for different values of feed water concentration (1000, 3000, and 10000 ppm). The results have shown that, the average of improvement in the optimum values of permeate concentration is about 67%. Also, the optimum concentration of permeate water is inspected for feed water concentration with range (500-10000 ppm), the range of increasing in the optimum permeate concentration is 55.8%. Furthermore, the optimum concentration of permeate water is computed for range of applied pressures in arrange (6.5-25 bar). The results indicated that, when the average operating pressures was increased by 12.7%, the quality of permeate water was improved by 18.8%. <#LINE#> @ @ Michael J.S., Membrane Based Liquid Separation System, CEP, 32, (1986) @No $ @ @ Clean Water Program “Membrane Separation Treatment”. http/ en.wikipedia.org/Reverse osmosis. (2016) @No $ @ @ Kimmura S., and Sourirajan S., Analysis of Data in Reverse Osmosis with Porous Cellulose Acetate Membrane Used; AIChE, 297 (1967) @No $ @ @ Sourirajan S., Reverse Osmosis; Academic press, (1970) @No $ @ @ Bird R., Stewart W. and Lightfood E., Transport phenomenon, Wiley, (1960) @No $ @ @ Ghin S., Cannahhan R., Bager M., Mass Transfer in RO TCF Membrane Dependence on the Salt Physical and Thermodynamic Parameters, Desalination, (57), 385 (2003) @No $ @ @ Technical Manual Excerpts, Filmetec Membranes, DOW Company, www. Filmetec.com.(2016) @No $ @ @ Technical Manual, SaehaneCompany, www.Saehan CSM.com. @No <#LINE#>The use of Polyaluminum Chloride for the treatment of Landfill Leachate via Coagulation and Flocculation processes<#LINE#>NoorAinee@Zainol,HamidiAbdul@Aziz,MohdSuffia@nYusoff,Umar@Muhammad<#LINE#>34-39<#LINE#>05.pdf<#LINE#> School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, MALAYSIA <#LINE#>26/4/2011<#LINE#>3/5/2011<#LINE#> Leachate is a highly complex and polluted wastewater that is produced by the interaction of percolating water through the body of a landfill. Treatment of landfill leachate is essential as it could threaten the surrounding ecosystem. The aim of this research was to determine the efficiency of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH-N) and color from two different landfill sites in Malaysia. The optimum dosage in removal of these parameters was determined and found to be lower for Kulim Landfill Site (KLS) than Ampang Jajar Landfill Site (AJLS). At optimum dosage of PACl as coagulant, the COD removal for KLS was higher than that obtained for AJLS. The removal of color for both sites was almost similar. The removal NH-N was rather moderate for both the landfill sites with KLS exhibiting relatively higher removal rates. <#LINE#> @ @ Bashir M.J.K., Aziz H.A., Yusoff M.S. and Adlan M.N., Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of ammoniacal nitrogen removal from semi-aerobic landfill leachate using ion exchange resin,Desalination,254, 154-161 (2010) @No $ @ @ Umar M., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., Trends in the use of Fenton, electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the treatment of landfill leachate, Waste Manage,30, 2113–2121 (2010) @No $ @ @ Umar M., Aziz H.A. and Yusoff M.S., Variability of parameters involved in leachate pollution index and determination of LPI from four landfills in Malaysia, Int. J. Chem. Eng., Article ID: 747953 (2010) @No $ @ @ Aziz H.A., Daud Z., Adlan M.N. and Hung,Y.T., The use of polyaluminum chloride for removing colour, COD and ammonia from semi-aerobic leachate, Int.J.Environ.Eng., , 20-35 (2009) @No $ @ @ Renou S., Givaudan J.G., Paulain S., Dirassouyan F. and Moulin P., Landfill leachate treatment: review and opportunity, J.Hazard. Mater., 150, 468-493 (2008) @No $ @ @ Bashir M.J.K., Isa M.H., Kutty S.R.M. Awang Z.B., Aziz H.A., Mohajeri S. and Farooqi I.H., Landfill leachate treatment by electrochemical oxidation, Waste Manage., 29, 2534-2541 (2009) @No $ @ @ Aziz H.A., Yusoff M.S., Adlan M.N., Adnan N.H. and Alias S., Physico-chemical removal of iron from semi-aerobic landfill leachate by limestone filter, Waste Manage, 24, 353-358 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ghafari S., Aziz H.A., and Bashir M.J.K., The use of poly-aluminum chloride and alum for the treatment of partially stabilized leachate: a comparative study, Desalination, 257, 110-116 (2010) @No $ @ @ Aziz H.A., Alias S., Adlan M.N. Asaari F.A.H. and Zahari M.S., Colour removal from landfill leachate by coagulation and flocculation processes, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 218–220 (2007) @No $ @ @ Kulikowska D. and Klimiuk E., The effect of landfill age on municipal leachate composition, Bioresour. Technol.,99, 5981-5985 (2008) @No $ @ @ Amokrane A., Comel A. and Verson, J., Landfill leachate pretreatment by coagulation-flocculation, Water Res.,31, 2775-2782 (1997) @No $ @ @ Duan J.M. and Gregory J., Coagulation by hydrolyzing metal salts, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.,100–102, 475–502 (2003) @No $ @ @ Davis M.L. and Cornwell D.A., Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Fourth ed. Mc-Graw Hill, New York, (2008) @No $ @ @ Tatsi A.A., Zouboulis A.I., Matis K.A. and Samaras P., Coagulation-flocculation pretreatment of sanitary landfill leachates, Chemosphere, 53, 737-744 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hu C., Liu H. and Qu J., Preparation and characterization of polyaluminum chloride containing high content of Al13 and active chlorine, Colloids and Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp.260, 109-117 (2005) @No $ @ @ McCurdy K., Carlson K. and Gregory D., Flocs morphology and cyclic shearing recovery: comparison of alum and polyaluminum chloride coagulants, Water Res.,38, 486–494 (2004) @No $ @ @ Wang Y., Gao B.Y., Xu X.M., Xu W.Y. and Xu G., Characterization of floc size, strength and structure in various aluminum coagulants treatment, J. Colloid Interf. Sci.,332, 354-359 (2009) @No $ @ @ Gao B., Hahn H.H. and Hoffmann E., Evaluation of aluminium –silicate polymer composite as a coagulant in water treatment, Water Res., 36, 3573-3581 (2002) @No $ @ @ Tapas N., Vyras R.D., Shastry S. and Kaul S.N.,Optimization of coagulants for pre-treatment of printing ink wastewater, Environ. Eng. Sci,.19, 1-7 (2002) @No $ @ @ Wang D., Sun W., Xu Y., Tang H. and John G., Speciation stability of inorganic polymer flocculant-PACI, Colloid Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp.,243, 1-10 (2004) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Twenty first ed., American Public Health Association, Washington DC (2005) @No $ @ @ Aguilar M.I., Sáez J., Lloréns M., Soler A., Ortuño J.F., Meseguer V. and Fuentes A., Improvement of coagulation-flocculation process using anionic polyacrylamide as coagulant aid, Chemosphere, 58, 47-56 (2005) @No $ @ @ Ghafari S., Aziz H.A. and Zinatizadeh A.A., Application of response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize coagulation-flocculation treatment of leachate using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) and alum, Hazard. Mater.,163, 650-656 (2009) @No $ @ @ Aziz H.A., Adlan M.N., Mohamed A.M.D., Raghavan S., Koflly M., Isa M. and Abdullah M.H.,Study on the anionic natural coagulant aid for heavy metals and turbidity removal in water at pH 7.5 and alum concentration 25 mg/L-laboratory scale , Ind. J. Eng. Mater. Sci.,, 195-199 (2000) @No $ @ @ Al-Hamadani Y.A.J., Yusoff M.S., UmarM., Bashir M.J.K. and Adlan M.N.,Application of psyllium husk as coagulant and coagulant aid in semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment, J. Hazard. Mater.,doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.087 (2011) @No <#LINE#>Evaluation of Water Quality of Narmada river with reference to Physco- chemical Parameters at Hoshangabad city, M.P., India<#LINE#>Shraddha@Sharma,Rakesh@Vishwakarma,Savita@Dixit,Praveen@Jain<#LINE#>40-48<#LINE#>06.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P., INDIA @ Department of Applied Chemistry, Swami Vivekanand College of Science and Technology, Bhopal, M.P., INDIA @ Department of Applied Chemistry, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P., INDIA @ Centre of IT & Basic Sciences, Madhya Pradesh, Bhoj (Open) University, Bhopal, M.P., INDIA <#LINE#>26/4/2011<#LINE#>4/5/2011<#LINE#>River Narmada is one of the 13 prominent rivers of India, which covers 98,797 sq km of total water-shed area. Narmada is considered to be the lifeline and west flowing river of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The monitoring of water quality of Narmada River was carried out for one year 2007. Four sampling stations were selected at downstream of Hoshangabad city. The water samples collected were analyzed, as per standard methods parameters such as pH, EC, Turbidity were measured in-situ. Raised values of physico-chemical parameters indicate the pollution of riverine ecosystem due to domestic wastes, municipal sewage, industrial effluent from Security Paper Mill (SPM) and agricultural run-off that influence the water quality directly or indirectly. Statistical analysis carried out through correlation method and also evaluates Average values (AV), Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Variance (SV), Standard Error (SE) and 95% Confidence Limit (CL) to assess the pollution load assessment. The results revealed that most of the water samples were below or out of limited; according to the WHO, BIS standards. <#LINE#> @ @ Agrawal I.C. and Srivastava H.C., Pollution Survey of major drains discharged into river Ganga and Yamuna at Allahabad., Instn. Pub. Lic. Hlth. Engrs., TS III-39, TS III-48, (1984) @No $ @ @ APHA, Standard method for the examination of water and waste water. APHA, AWWA, WPEC, 19th edition, New York, (1998) @No $ @ @ Arora H.C., Routh T., Chattopadhyaya S.N., and Sharma V.P., Survey of sugar mill effluent disposal part II, A comparative study of sugar mill effluent characteristics, India J. Environ. Hlth.,16(3), 233-246 (1974) @No $ @ @ Bandy J.T.,Water characteristics, J. Wat. Poll. Cont. Fed., 56(6), 544-548 (1984) @No $ @ @ Basu A.K., Studies in effluents from pulp paper mill and its role in bringing the physico-chemical changes around several discharge point in the Hoogly Estuary, Indian J. Int. Eng., 46,108-116 (1966) @No $ @ @ Butler J.L., Temperature relation in shallow turbid pools, Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci.,43, 90-95 (1963) @No $ @ @ Ciaccia L., Water and Water Pollution Hand book, Mercel Dekker, Inc. New York, , 801-808 (1972) @No $ @ @ Dakshini K.M.M. and Soni J.K., Water quality of sewage drains entering Yamuna in Delhi, Indian J. Environ. Hlth.,21, 354-360 (1979) @No $ @ @ Ganpati S.N. and Chacko P.I., An investigation of the river Godavari and the effects of the paper mill pollution at Rajamundry, Proc. Indo-Pac. Fish Counc, Madras Meeting Sec. II and III, 70 (1951) @No $ @ @ Gazetteer of Hoshangabad, Govt. of India, Madhya Pradesh, (1979) @No $ @ @ Ghosh T.K., Shakila B. and Kaul S.N., Protection of ecologicaliy sensitive areas: origin of rivers and upper catchment areas, J. of Indian Association for Enviro. Management, Vol. 31, 59-64 (2004) @No $ @ @ Goel P.K. and Trivedi R.K., Some considerations on sewage disposal to fresh water and resultant effects, Poll. Res., 7-12 (1984) @No $ @ @ Golterman H.L., Physiological Limnology Elsveri Scientific Publication Co. N.Y. 489(1975) @No $ @ @ Hannan H.H., Young W.C. and Mathew J.J., Nitrogen and Phosphorous dynamics in three central Texas impoundments, Hydrobiologia,40, 121-129 (1972) @No $ @ @ Hutchinson G.E. and V.T. Bower., Adirect demonstration of phosphorous in a small lake, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.,33, 148-153 (1947) @No $ @ @ Kodarkar M.S., Methodology for water analysis, Ind. Asso. Aquatic Biologist, Hyderabad (1992) @No $ @ @ Kothandaraman V., Thergaonkar V.P., Koskij T. and Ganapati S.V., Physico chemical and biological aspects of Ahmedabad Sewage, Environ. HIth., :356-363 (1963) @No $ @ @ Matkar L.S. and Gangotri M.S., Physico-chemical analysis of sugar industrial effluents, J. Indl. Polln. Cont., 18(2), 139-144 (2002) @No $ @ @ Prasad R.R., Priliminary observations on the temperature gradients and light penetration in the upper 200 feet of water of the Bay of Bengal, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.,36, 61-69 (1952) @No $ @ @ Rai H. Limnological observation on the different rivers and lakes in the Ivory Coast,Hydrobiologia,44(213), 301-317 (1974) @No $ @ @ Shah A.R., Physico-chemical aspects of pollution in river Jhelum (Kashmir) during 1981-83, Book Ecol. and Pollu. of Indian Rivers, (Ed Trivedi R.K.) Ashish Pub. House New Delhi (1),163-207 (1988) @No $ @ @ Sharma K.D., Lal N. and Pathak R.D., Water quality of sewage drains entering Yamuna at Agra, Indian J. Environ. Hlth.,23(2), 118-122 (1981) @No $ @ @ Shukla B.D., Suresh C., Tripathy R., Deep Kumari V. and Pande V.S., Physico-chemical and biological characteristics of river Ganga from Mirzapur to Ballia, Indian J. Envrion. H1t,31(3), 218-227 (1989) @No $ @ @ Sikander M., Ecology of river Ganga in Varanasi with special reference to pollution Ph.D. Thesis, B.H.U., Varanasi, (1987) @No $ @ @ Sivakumar A.A., Arunadevi P., Aruchami M., Studies on water quality of the river Ambarapalaym, Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu. Nature Env. Polln. Techno, 2(3), 305-308 (2003) @No $ @ @ Steemann N.E. and Hansen V.K., Light adoptation in marine phytoplankton pollutions and it inter relation with temperature, Physiol. Plant.,12, 353-370 (1959) @No $ @ @ Unnisa S.A. and Khalilullah M., Impact of industrial pollution on ground and surface water quality in the Kattedan industrial area, J. of Indian Association for Enviro. Management, 31, 77-80 (2004) Wetzel R.G., Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia USA 743 (1975) @No $ @ @ WHO, Recommendations, Water and Sanitation. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Vol.1. Geneva: WHO (1984) @No $ @ @ Young F.N. and Zimmerman J.R., Variation in temperature in small aquatic situation, Ecology,37, 609-611 (1956) @No <#LINE#>Synthesis, Calorimetric and Viscometric Study of Groundnut oil Biodiesel and Blends<#LINE#>Okoro@LinusN.,Belaboh@SedooV.,Edoye@NwamakaR.,Makama@BelloY.<#LINE#>49-57<#LINE#>07.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Petroleum Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Lamido Zubairu Way, Yola By-Passs. P.M.B. 2250 Yola, Adamawa State, NIGERIA<#LINE#>26/4/2011<#LINE#>2/5/2011<#LINE#> Biodiesel has become an important fuel in recent times due to its prospects as an alternative source of energy to petroleum fuels. In this research, biodiesel was synthesized form groundnut oil at 65C via base catalyzed transesterification using KOH as the catalyst. The synthesized fatty acid methyl ester after being washed was blended with petroleum diesel in the following percentage by volume of the biodiesel 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% corresponding to B2, B5, B10, B20 and B30 respectively. The heat content of each blend was measured using a bomb calorimeter. The data obtained was analyzed and was found that the heat content of the blend decreases as the percentage of biodiesel in the blendincreases. The research also demonstrates that, the energy output of fuels made from blends of petroleum diesel and groundnut oil biodiesel decreases as the portion of the biodiesel increases. <#LINE#> @ @ Yusuf N, Sirajo M., An experimental study of biodiesel synthesis from groundnut oilAustralian J. of Applied Sciences, , 1623-1629 (2009) @No $ @ @ Leung Y. C., A Review on Biodiesel Production using Catalyzed Transesterification, Applied Energy Journal, 87, 1083-1095 (2010) @No $ @ @ Zheng M., Mulenga M.C, and Reader G.T., Biodiesel Engine Performance and Emissions in Low Temperature Combustion, Fuel, 87, 714-722 (2008) @No $ @ @ Hess M., How Biodiesel Works, http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/biodiesel1.htm, (2003) @No $ @ @ Zhang J., Chen S., Yang R., and Yan Y., Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil Using Heterogenous Acid and Alkali Catalyst. Fuel., 89, 2939-2944 (2010) @No $ @ @ Huang Y., Zheng H. and Yan Y. J., Optimization of Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Lard for Biodiesel Production Using Response Surface Methodology, Appl Biochem Biotechnol., 60, 504-515 (2010) @No $ @ @ J.A. Kinast, Production of Biodiesels from Multiple Feedstocks andProperties of Biodiesels andBiodiesel/Diesel Blendshttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy03osti/31460.pdf, (2003) @No $ @ @ Demirbas A., Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils via Transesterification in Supercritical Methanol, Energy Conversion and Management, 43, 2349-56 (2002) @No $ @ @ Meher L.C, Vidya D, and Naik S.N., Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production by Transesterification- A Revie, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., , 1-21 (2004) @No $ @ @ Schuchardt U., Sercheli R. and Vargas R.M., Transesterification of Vegetable Oils: a Review Journal of Brazilian Chemical society, , 199-210 (1998) @No $ @ @ Geller D.P. and Goodrum J.W., Rheology of Vegetable Oil Analogs and Triglycerides. Journal of Amer. Oil chemists Society, 77, 111-114 (2000) @No $ @ @ Joshi R.M. and Pegg J., Flow properties of biodiesel fuel blends at low temperatures, Fuel, 86, 143–151 (2007) @No $ @ @ Krisnangkura K., Yimsuwan T. and Pairintra R., An Empirical Approach in Predicting Viscosity at Various Temperatures, Fuel, 85, 107-113 (2006) @No <#LINE#>Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of some Plant Seeds<#LINE#>I.A.@Ajayi,Ajibade@O.,R.A.@Oderinde<#LINE#>58-62<#LINE#>08.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Environmental Science, Yuvaraja Collage, University of Mysore, Mysore, INDIA <#LINE#>26/4/2011<#LINE#>31/4/2011<#LINE#>The screening and study of seven different plant specimens belonging to different families forphytochemical constituents was performed using generally accepted laboratory technique for qualitative determinations. The constituents screened for were tannins, saponins, phlobotannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, combined anthraquinone, free-anthraquinone, carotenoids, steroids,reducing compounds and alkaloids. The distribution of these constituents in the plant specimens were assessed and compared. The plant seeds studied were Artocarpus communis, Artocarpus heterophyllus,Calophyllum inophyllum, Garcinia kola, Garcinia mangostana, Pentaclethra macrophylla and Treculia africana. All the plant specimens were found to contain flavonoids and reducing compounds but none of them contain phlobatanin, cardiac glycoside, combined anthraquinone, free anthraquinone, carotenoid and steroids. They also contain tannins (except Artocarpus communis), saponins (except Artocarpus heterophyllus) and terpenoids (except Artocarpus communis). Alkaloids were found in four out the seven specimens. Some of the plant seeds seemed to have potential as source of useful drugs. <#LINE#> @ @ Edeoga H.O., Okwu D.E. and Mbaebie B.O., Afr. J. Biotechnol., 685-688 (2005) @No $ @ @ Hafiza M.A., Parveen B., Ahmad R. and Hamid K., Online J. of Biol. Sci.,, 130-132 (2002) @No $ @ @ Feroz M., Ahmad R., Sindhu S.T.A.K., and Shahbaz A.M., Pak. Vet. J.,13, 4 (1993) @No $ @ @ Nagata K., Tajiro T., Estsuji H., Noboyasu E. Shunuchi M., and Chikao N., Agric. Biol. Chem.,49, 1181-1186 (1985) @No $ @ @ Takagi K., Hee P.E., and Histoshi K., Chem. Bull.,28, 1183(1980) @No $ @ @ Zehavi U.M.L. and Segel R.J., Phytophatol.,116, 338-343 (1986) @No $ @ @ Sati O.P., Chandra C.D., and Usha R., Planta Medica,, 981-983 (1987) @No $ @ @ Okwu D.E., Afr. J. Roots Tuber Crops,, 19-21 1999) @No $ @ @ Okwu D.E. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci.,, 455-459 (2001) @No $ @ @ Sofowora A., Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa: Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 289 (1993) @No $ @ @ Ayitey-Smith E. and Addae-Mensah I., W. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res.,, 7-8 (1977) @No $ @ @ Gill L.S., Ethnobotanical Uses of Plants in Nigeria: University of Benin Press, Benin City, 350 (1992) @No $ @ @ Banso A. and Adeyemo S.O., Afr. J. Biotechnol.,, 1785-1787 (2007) @No $ @ @ Somolenski S.J., Silinis H. and Farnsworth N.R., Lloydia,37, 506-536 (1974) @No $ @ @ Harbone J.B., Phytochemical methods, London:Chapman and Hall, Ltd. 49-188 (1973) @No $ @ @ Salehi S.M.H., Aynehchi Y., Amin G.H. and Mahmoodi Z., Daru,, 281-291 (1992) @No $ @ @ Kubmarawa D., Ajoku G.A., Enworem N.M. and Okorie D.A., Afr. J. Biotechnol.,, 1690-1696 (2007) @No $ @ @ Mensah J.K., Okoli R.I. Ohaju-Obodo J.O. and Eifediyi K., Afr. J. Biotechnol., , 2304-2309 2008) @No $ @ @ Addae-Mensah I., Towards a rational scientific basis for herbal medicine – A phytochemist’s two decades contribution.An inaugural lecture delivered at the University of Ghana, Legon: Ghana Universities Press, Accra, 63 (1992) @No $ @ @ Okoegwale E.E. and Olumese G.O., Niger. J. Appl. Sci.,, 2350-2358 (2001) @No $ @ @ Okoegwale E.E. and Omefezi J.U., Niger. J. Appl. Sci., 4, 2369-2371 (2001) @No <#LINE#>Proximate and Phytochemical Analyses of Solanum aethiopicum L. and Solanum macrocarpon L. Fruits<#LINE#>Chinedu@ShalomNwodo,Olasumbo@AbayomiC.,Eboji@OkwuchukwuK.,Emiloju@OpeyemiC.,Olajumoke@K.Arinola,Dania@DamilolaI.<#LINE#>63-71<#LINE#>09.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaan land, PMB 1023 Ota, Ogun State, NIGERIA <#LINE#>26/4/2011<#LINE#>4/5/2011<#LINE#> Chemical analyses were carried out to determine the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of fruits of two indigenous Africa eggplants, S. aethiopicum L. and S. macrocarpon L. Proximate analysis of fresh fruits of S. aethiopicum L. (per 100 g) showed: 89.27 ± 0.12 g moisture, 2.24 ± 0.03 g protein, 0.52 ± 0.04 g fat, 0.87 ± 0.03 g ash, 2.96 ± 0.08 g crude fiber, 4.14 ± 0.11 g carbohydrate and 498.47 ± 2.14 mg calcium, 1.98 ± 0.10 mg magnesium and 1.02 ± 0.02 mg iron. Fresh fruits of S. macrocarpon L. contained (per 100 g): 92.50 ± 0.14 g moisture, 1.33 ± 0.05 g protein, 0.17 ± 0.01 g fat, 0.47 ± 0.02 g ash, 1.11 ± 0.03 g crude fiber, 4.42 ± 0.12 g carbohydrate, 101.56 ± 1.21 mg calcium, 1.01 ± 0.08 mg magnesium and 0.70 ± 0.01 mg iron. There was a significant presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and ascorbic acid in both fruits; terpenoids was found in trace amount. Steroids were present in S. aethiopicum L. and absent in S. macrocarpon L. These phytochemicals are of therapeutic importance; their presence in S. aethiopicum and S. macrocarpon fruits indicate the beneficial effects of the plants. Solanum aethiopicum L. contained higher levels of the beneficial agents than S. macrocarpon L. The two indigenous eggplants are not only nutritionally and therapeutically valuable, but also have the potential of providing precursors for the synthesis of useful drugs. <#LINE#> @ @ Jaeger P.M.L. and Hepper F. N., A review of the genus Solanum in Africa, In: Solanaceae:biology and systematics (eds) W. G. D’Arcy (New York: Columbia University Press) 41–55(1986) @No $ @ @ Gbile Z. O., Nigerian Solanum Species, NigerianField, 52, 19-26 (1987) @No $ @ @ Gbile Z. O. and Adesina S. K., Nigerian Solanum Species of economic importance,Annals Missouri Bot. Garden, 75, 862-865(1988) @No $ @ @ Bonsu K. O., Fontem D. A., Nkansah G. O.,Iroume R. N., Owusu E. O. and Schippers R. R.,Diversity within the Gboma eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon), an indigenous vegetable from West Africa. Ghana J. Horticulture, 1, 50–58(2002) @No $ @ @ Grubben G.J.H. and Denton O.A., Plant Resources of Tropical Africa II: Vegetables (Leiden, Wageningen: Backhuys Publishers) 35- 198 (2004) @No $ @ @ Oladiran J.A., The effects of fruit colour, processing technique and seed treatment on the germination of Solanum macrocarpon L.(Igbagba)., Nig. J. Technol. Res., 1(1), 17–20(1989) @No $ @ @ Tindal H.D. Fruits and Vegetables in West Africa (London: Oxford University Press) 2ndedn., 5(8), 105 (1965) @No $ @ @ Osei M.K., Banful1 B., Osei C K. and Oluoch M. O., Characterization of African Eggplant for Morphological Characteristics., J. Agric. Sci.Technol., 4 (3), 33-37 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bello S.O., Muhammad B.Y., Gammaniel K.S.,Abdu-Aguye I., Ahmed H., Njoku C.H., Pindiga U. H. and Salka A.M., Preliminary Evaluation of the Toxicity and Some Pharmacological Properties of the Aqueous Crude Extract of Solanum melongena., Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 1(1), 1-9 (2005) @No $ @ @ Dalziel J. M., The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa (New York: Longman) 1st edn., 433–435(1937) @No $ @ @ Vohora S.B., Kumar I. and Khan M.S.Y., Effectof alkaloids of Solanum melongena on thecentral nervous system, J. Ethnopharmacol, 11,331-336 (1984) @No $ @ @ Odetola A.A., Iranloye Y.O. and Akinloye O., Hypolipidaemic Potentials of Solanum melongena and Solanum gilo onHypercholesterolemic Rabbits, Pak J. Nutri., 3 (3), 180-187 (2004) @No $ @ @Igwe S.A., Akunyili D.N. and Ogbogu C., Effects of Solanum melongena (garden egg) on some visual functions of visually active Igbos of Nigeria, J. Ethnopharmaco,. 86(2-3), 135-8 (2003) @No $ @ @ Alozie S.O., Sharma R.P. and Salunkhe D.K.,Inhibition of Rat Cholinesterase Soenzymes In Vitro and In Vivo by Potato Alaloill andChaconine (Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA: Interdepartmental ToxicologyProgramme) (1978) @No $ @ @ Sanchez-Mata M-C., Yokoyama W. E., Hong YJ.and Prohens J., a-Solasonine and a- Solamargine Contents of Gboma (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and Scarlet (Solanum aethiopicum L.) Eggplants, J. Agric. Food chem., 58 (9), 5502–5508 (2010) @No $ @ @ A. O. A. C., Official Methods of Analysis,(Sections 926.08, 925.09, 955.04C, 979.09,922.06, 954.02, 923.03, 962.09), (Washington,DC: Association of Official AnalyticalChemists) 15th edn., (1990)@No $ @ @ Harborne J.B., Phytochemical methods,(London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd) 49-188 (1973) @No $ @ @ Sofowara A., Medicinal plants and Traditional medicine in Africa (Ibadan, Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd) (1993) @No $ @ @ Trease G.E. and Evans W.C., Pharmacognsy(Brailliar Tiridel Canada: Macmillian publishers)11th edn., 290 (1989) @No $ @ @ Showemimo F.A. and Olarewaju J.D., AgroNutritional Determinants of Some Garden Varieties (Solanum gilo L.), J. Food Technol., 2 (3), 172-175 (2004) @No $ @ @ Leung W-T.W., Busson F. and Jardin C., Food composition table for use in Africa. (Rome, Italy FAO) 306 (1968) @No $ @ @ Norman J.C., Tropical vegetable crops, (Devon:Arthur Stockwell Ltd) (1992) @No $ @ @ Edijala J.K., Asagba S.O., Eriyamremu G.E. and Atomatofa U., Comparative Effect of Garden Egg Fruit, Oat and Apple on Serum Lipid Profile in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet., Pak. J. Nutri., 4 (4), 245-249 (2005) @No $ @ @ Sczkowski C.P., Kalinowska M. and Wojciechowski Z., The 3-O-glucosylation of steroidal saponins and alkaloids in eggplant(Solanum melongena); evidence for two separate glycosyltransferences, Phytochemistry, 48, 1151-1159 (1988) Asl M.N. and Hossein H., Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. andits bioactive compounds, Phytotherapy Res., 22(6), 709–24 (2008) @No $ @ @ Xu R., Zhao W., Xu J., Shao B., and Qin G., Studies on bioactive saponins from Chinese medicinal plants, Adv.Exp. Med. Biol., 404,371–82 (1996) @No $ @ @ Bagchi M., Milnes M., Williams C., Balmoori J.,Ye X., Stohs S. and Bagchi D., Acute and chronic stress-induced oxidative gastrointestinal injury in rats and the protective ability of a novel grape seed proanthocyanidin extract, Nutri. Res.,19, 1189–1199 (1999) @No $ @ @ Vinson J.A., Hao Y., Su X. and Zubik L.,Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality infoods: Vegetable, J. Agric.Food Chem., 48,3630-3634 (1998)@No $ @ @ Noda Y., Kneyuki T., Igarashi K. and Packer M.L., Antioxidant activity of nasunin, ananthocyanin in eggplant peels, Toxicology,148,119-123 (2000)@No $ @ @ Sudheesh S., Presannakumar G., Vijayakumar S.and Vijayalashmi N.R., Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from Solanum melongena, Plant foods for Human Nutrition, 51: 321-30 (1997) @No $ @ @ Cushnie T.P.T. and Lamb A.J., Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids, Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 26 (5), 343–356 (2005) @No $ @ @ de Sousa R.R., Queiroz K.C., Souza A.C., Gurgueira S.A., Augusto A.C., Miranda M.A.,Peppelenbosch M.P., Ferreira C.V. and Aoyama H., Phosphoprotein levels, MAPK activities and NFkappaB expression are affected by fisetin, J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem., 22 (4), 439–444(2007) @No $ @ @ Yamamoto Y. and Gaynor R.B., Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-?B pathway inthe treatment of inflammation and cancer, J.Clin. Invest., 107(2),135–142 (2001)@No $ @ @ Talek L., Preparation of solasodine from fruits ofSolanum species, Plants. Med., 37, 92-94 (1979) @No $ @ @ Adesina S.K., Constituents of Solanum dasyphyllum fruits, Lloydia, 48, 147 (1985) @No $ @ @Adesina S. K, and Gbile Z. O., Steroidal constituents of S. scabrum subsp. nigericum. Fitoterapia 55, 362-363 (1984) @No $ @ @ World Health Organization (1976). African Traditional Medicine. (WHO: Afro-Tech. Rep @No <#LINE#>Anaerobic co-digestion of water hyacinth with primary sludge<#LINE#>J.H.@Patil,Raj@MolayanLourdu,Antony,S@Bhargav.,S.R.@Sowmya<#LINE#>72-77<#LINE#>10.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore,INDIA <#LINE#>27/04/2011<#LINE#>4/6/2011<#LINE#>Water hyacinth (WH) and primary sludge (PS) from wastewater treatment plants can be used to generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was explored to mix water hyacinth with primary sludge in different combinations for anaerobic co-digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural applications. Co-digestion of water hyacinth and primary sludge with required amount of water (W) was carried out in 250 ml batch digesters. Pretreatment of water hyacinth was done by alkali method. Anaerobic co-digestion was carried out in mesophilic temperature range (30°C to 37°C) with different fermentation slurries of 8% total solids (TS). Co-digestion was carried for a retention period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the downward displacement of water, and was subsequently measured and analyzed. Fermentation slurry PS3 (mixing ratio of 4: 26.14: 69.86 for WH: PS: W) was found to be optimum, which gave the highest biogas yield of 0.35 l/gVS with composition 69.6 % CH, 25.8 % CO, 0.8 % N and 3.8 % O. The overall results showed that blending water hyacinth with primary sludge had significant improvement on the biogas yield. <#LINE#>Water/1/(WH)<#LINE#>Water/1/(WH)<#LINE#> Water hyacinth (WH) and primary sludge (PS) from wastewater treatment plants can be used to generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was explored to mix water hyacinth with primary sludge in different combinations for anaerobic co-digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural applications. Co-digestion of water hyacinth and primary sludge with required amount of water (W) was carried out in 250 ml batch digesters. Pretreatment of water hyacinth was done by alkali method. Anaerobic co-digestion was carried out in mesophilic temperature range (30°C to 37°C) with different fermentation slurries of 8% total solids (TS). Co-digestion was carried for a retention period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the downward displacement of water, and was subsequently measured and analyzed. Fermentation slurry PS3 (mixing ratio of 4: 26.14: 69.86 for WH: PS: W) was found to be optimum, which gave the highest biogas yield of 0.35 l/gVS with composition 69.6 % CH, 25.8 % CO, 0.8 % N and 3.8 % O. The overall results showed that blending water hyacinth with primary sludge had significant improvement on the biogas yield. <#LINE#> @ @ Budiyano I.N., Widiasa Johari and Sunarso S., The kinetic of biogas production rate from cattle manure in batch mode, International Journal of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 3(1), 39-44 (2010) @No $ @ @ Hill D.T., Simplified Monod kinetics of methane fermentation of animal wastes, Agricultural Wastes, , 1–16 (1983) @No $ @ @ McInerney M.J., Bryant M.P. and Stafford D.A., Metabolic stages and energetics of microbial anaerobic digestion. In, Stafford D.A., Wheatley B.I., Hudges D.E.(eds), Anaerobic digestion, Applied Science, London, 91-98 (1980) @No $ @ @ Budiyano I.N., Widiasa Johari and Sunarso S., Increasing biogas production rate from cattle manure using rumen fluid as inoculums, International Journal of Chemical and Basic & Applied Sciences,10(1), 68-75 (2010) @No $ @ @ Anushree Malik, Environmental challenge vis a vis opportunity, The case of water hyacinth, Environment International, 33, 122–138 (2007) @No $ @ @ Epstein P., Weeds bring disease to the east African waterways, The Lancet, 351(9102), 577(1998) @No $ @ @ Mironga J.M., Geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing in the management of shallow tropical lakes, Appl Ecol Environ Res 2(1), 83–103 (2004) @No $ @ @ Abbasi S.A., Weeds of despair, and hope, In, Abbasi S.A., et al, editor. Wetlands of India, vol.III. New Delhi, Discovery Publishing House, 12–21(1998) @No $ @ @ Parawira W. and Mshandete A.M., Biogas technology research in selected sub-Saharan African countries - A review, Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8(2), 116-125 (2009) @No $ @ @ Ezekoye V.A. and Okeke C.E., Design, construction and performance evaluation of plastic bio-digester and the storage of biogas, The Pacific J. Sci. Technol., 7, 176-184 (2006) @No $ @ @ Ilori M.O., Adebusoye A., Lawal A.K. and Awotiwon O.A., Production of biogas from banana and plantain peels, Adv. Environ. Biol.,, 33-38 (2007) @No $ @ @ Adeyanju A.A., Effect o0f seeding of wood-ash on biogas production using pig waste and cassava peels, J. Eng. Appl. Sci.,, 242-245 (2008) @No $ @ @ Babel S., Sae-Tang J. and Pecharaply A., Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage and brewery sludge for biogas production and land application, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., , 131-140 (2009) @No $ @ @ Angelidaki I. and Ellegaard L., Codigestion of manure and organic wastes in centralized biogas plants – status and future trends, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 109, 95–105(2003) @No $ @ @ Bolzonella D., Battistoni P., Susini C. and Cecchi F., Anaerobic codigestion of waste activated sludge and OFMSW: the experiences of Viareggio and Treviso plants (Italy), Water Science and Technology,53, 203–211(2006) @No $ @ @ Gomez X., Cuetos M.J., Cara J., Moran A. and Garcia A.I., Anaerobic co-digestion of primary sludge and the fruit and vegetable fraction of the municipal solid wastes – conditions for mixing and evaluation of the organic loading rate, Renewable Energy, 31, 2017(2006) @No $ @ @ APHA, AWWA and WPCF, Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, Washington D.C., 19, (1995) @No $ @ @ Jagadish H. Patil, MALourdu AntonyRaj and Gavimath C.C., Study on effect of pretreatment methods on biomethanation of water hyacinth, International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 2(1), 143-147(2011) @No $ @ @ Jagadish Patil H., MALourdu AntonyRaj and Gavimath C. C., Study on effect of pretreatment methods on biomethanation of water hyacinth, International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research, 2(1), 143-147(2011) @No <#LINE#>AM1 and ESI/MS study of the Fragmentation of 4-Acyl Isochroman-1,3-Diones: Correlation between Electronic charges of Atoms and Fragmentations processes<#LINE#>Djandé1@Abdoulaye,Sessouma@Bintou, Cissé@Lamine,Léopold@Kaboré,Bayo@Karifa,Tine@Alphonse,Saba@Adama<#LINE#>78-86<#LINE#>11.pdf<#LINE#>Laboratoire de Chimie Bio Organique et de Phytochimie, UFR-SEA, Université de Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO @ Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UFR-SEA, Université de Ouagadougou, BURKINA FASO @ Laboratoire de Photochimie et d’Analyse, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar (Sénégal), BURKINA FASO<#LINE#>28/4/2011<#LINE#>3/5/2011<#LINE#> Recently, it has been found a good correlation between the fragmentation processes of coumarins in electronic impact mass spectrometry (eims) and the electronic charges of the atoms of their hydrocarbon skeleton. The same results have been obtained with eims spectra of 4-acyl isochroman-1,3-diones and the electronic charges of their atoms. In this paper, the analytic method has been applied to ESI/MS mass spectra of a series of 4-acyl ischroman-1,3-diones to verify its reliability and extensibility. The results, which have been described for the very first time, show that fragmentations take place at the level of atoms bearing high positive charge, according to the nature of ionisation projectile. The results are in good agreement with the earliest studies. <#LINE#> @ @ Djandé A., Kaboré L., Saba A. and Aycard J. P., Synthesis and Fluorescence properties of 4-acyl isochroman-1,3-diones, Heterocyclic Comm.24(4), 237 (2008) @No $ @ @ Djandé A., Kaboré L., Ayard J. P. and Saba A., Fluorescence properties of 4-acyl isochroman-1,3-diones, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia, 23(1), 001 (2009) @No $ @ @ Djandé A., Thèse Unique, UFR-SEA, Université de Ouagadougou Burkina Faso(2008) @No $ @ @ Bationo-Napon B., Thèse de Pharmacien(Diplôme d’Etat), UFR-SDS, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (2009) @No $ @ @ Saba A., Sib S. F., Faure R. and Aycard J. P., NMR and AM1 Study of the tautomeric equilibrium of isochroman-1,3-diones, Spectroscopy Letters, 29(8), 1649 (1996) @No $ @ @ Djandé A., Kaboré L., Aycard J. P. and Saba A., Study of the fragmentation of 4-acyl isochroman-1,3-diones in mass spectrometry, Phys. Chem. News, 31, 125 (2006) @No $ @ @ Schnekenburger J., Acyl derivatives of methylene active dicarbonyl compounds. IV. Acylation of homophtalic anhydride with ethyl chlorocarbonate, Arch. Pharm. 298Bd n°7, 411, (1965) @No $ @ @ Nadkarni D. R. and Usgaonkar R. N., A New Synthesis of Tetrahydrocapillarine, Methylglomelline and Oospolactone, Indian J. Chem.,16B, 320 (1978) @No $ @ @ Saba A., Thèse d’Etat ès Sciences PhysiquesUniversité de Ouagadougou(1996) @No $ @ @ Kakou-Yao R., Saba A., Ebby N., Pierrot M. et Aycard J. P., Tautomérie de la 4-(hydroxyphénylméthylène) isochroman-1,3-dione à l’état solide, Acta Crystallogr., C551591 (1999) @No $ @ @ Kakou-Yao R., Dandé A., Kaboré L., Saba A. and Aycard J. P., Acta Cryst., E63, o4275 (2007) @No $ @ @ Abou A., Goulizan Bi S. D., Kaboré L., Djandé A., Saba A. and Kakou-Yao R., Crystal structure of 4-(1-hydroxypropyl) isochroman-1,3-dione, Z. Naturforsch., 64b, 328 (2009) @No $ @ @ Cissé L., Tine A., Kaboré L. and Saba A., Mass spectrometry study of coumarins: Correlation between charges of atoms and fragmentations processes, Spectroscopy Letters, 42, 95 (2009) @No $ @ @ Cissé L., Kaboré L., Tine A. and Saba A., Analysis of fragmentations of coumarins in mass spectrometryusing the electronic charges of atoms, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia,24(2), 305 (2010) @No $ @ @ Cissé L., Kaboré L., Saba A. and Tine A., Study of mass spectra of 4,7-disubstituted coumarins : Correlation between electronic charges of atoms and fragmentations processes, Phys. Chem. News, 53, 101 (2010) @No $ @ @ Djandé A., Sessouma B., Kini F.B., Kaboré L., Bayo K., Guissou P. I. and Saba A., AM1 and electronic impact mass spectrometry study of the fragmentations of 4-acyl isochroman-1,3-diones, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiopia, (2011), in press. @No $ @ @ Dewar M. J. S., Zoebish, E. G., Healy E. F., Stewart J. P. P., AM1 : A new general purpose quantum mechanical molecular model, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 107, 3902 (1985) @No $ @ @ Silverstein R. M., Webster F.X. and Kiemle D.J. Identification Spectrométrique de Composés Organiques, Ed. de BOECK, (2007) @No $ @ @ Michel A., Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences, Université de Neuchâtel (Belgique) 35 (200120.Laure F., Thèse de Doctorat ès Sciences, Université de Polynésie Française (France) 230 (200521.Qian R., Liao Y-X, Guo Y-L. and Guo H., ESI-FTICR-MS Studies on Gas Phase Fragmentation Reactions of ArPd(PPhI Complexes, J. Amer. Soc. Mass Spectr., 17(11), 1582 (2006) @No $ @ @ Gusten H., Klasinc L., Maric D. and Srzic D. Phenyl group effect on fragmentations of diazoles, oxazoles and thiazoles, phenyl migration in 2,4,5-triphenyloxazole, International J. of Mass Spectrom.Ion Physics, 47, 423, (1983) @No <#LINE#>Hydrochemical Facies and Ionic Ratios of Groundwater in Port Harcourt, Southern Nigeria<#LINE#>H.O.@Nwankwoala,G.J.@Udom<#LINE#>87-101<#LINE#>12.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Geology, University of Port Harcourt, NIGERIA <#LINE#>29/4/2011<#LINE#>12/5/2011<#LINE#> A hydro geochemical facies and ionic ratios evaluation of groundwater in Port Harcourt City, Southern Nigeria has been carried out. Groundwater samples were analysed for their physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Besides of the major chemical compositions, ionic ratio (HCO/Cl, Na/Ca, Ca/Cl, Mg/Cl and Ca/SO) was used to delineate saline water intrusion. The analytical results present the abundance of the ions in the following order: Mg � Ca � Na � K = Cl � SO4 � HCO � NO. Chloride is the dominant anion found in the groundwater of the study area. Piper trilinear diagram for the study area shows that there is a mixture of two types of water with variable concentrations of major ions. These are Ca – Mg – Cl – SO type and Na + K – Cl – SO type water. The second water type is also influenced by NO3. This means that groundwater in the area is mainly made up of mixtures of earth alkaline and alkaline metals and predominantly Cl- - SO2-water type. The quality of groundwater and the processes that control the concentration of major constituents is very necessary. Therefore, it is very imperative that adequate hydro chemical knowledge be improved, in the study area, owing to the hydro geological heterogeneity in order to evaluate the hydro chemical characteristics, determine the ionic interactions as well as the hydro geochemical facies distribution in the area. Achieving these aims will establish a basis for developing an appropriate monitoring programme and therefore improved management of the groundwater resources of the area. <#LINE#> @ @ Apodaca L.E, Jeffrey B.B. and Michelle C.S., Water quality in shallow alluvial aquifers, Upper Colarado River Basin, Colorado, Journal of American Water Research Association, 38(1),133-143(2002) @No $ @ @ Martinez D.E. and Bocanegra E.M., Hydro geochemistry and Cation Exchange Processes in the Coastal Aquifers of Mar Del Plata, Argentina, Hydrogeology Journal, (10), 393 -408 (2002) @No $ @ @ Etu-Efeotor, J.O and Odigi, M.I., Water supply problems in the Eastern Niger Delta, Journ. Min. Geol., 20 (1and 2), 183 -193 (1983) @No $ @ @ Amajor L.C., Geochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in Port Harcourt and its Environs. Proc. Int’l Symp. on Groundwater Resources of Nigeria, Lagos, 358 – 375(1986) @No $ @ @ Amadi P.A., Ofoegbu C.O. and Morrison T., Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in parts of the Niger Delta, Nigeria, Environmental Geol. Water Science 14(3), 195 – 202 (1989) @No $ @ @ Etu- Effeotor, J.O., Preliminary hydrogeochemical investigations of subsurface waters in parts of the Niger Delta, Journ. Min. Geol., 18(1), 103 – 107 (1981) @No $ @ @ Udom G.J., Etu- Efeotor J.O. and Esu,E.O., Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in parts of Port Harcourt and Tai-Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers State., Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, (5), 546 – 552 (1999) @No $ @ @ Nwankwoala H.O., Okeke E.V. and Okereke S.C., Groundwater quality in parts of Port Harcourt, Nigeria: An overview, trends and concerns, International Journal of Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, 2(3), 282 – 289 (2007) @No $ @ @ Piper A.M., A graphical interpretation of water analysis, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union (25), 914 -928 (1944) @No $ @ @ Lakshmanen E., Kannan R. and Kumar M.S., Major ion chemistry and identification of hydrochemical processes of groundwater in a part of Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Geosciences, 10(4), 157 – 166 (2003) @No $ @ @ Back W., Hydro chemical facies and groundwater flow patterns in northern part of Atlantic Coastal Plain: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 498 – A, 42 (1966) @No $ @ @ Freeze R.A. and Cherry J.A., Groundwater, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J (1979) @No $ @ @ Leybourne M.I., Goodfellow W.D. and Boyle D.R., Hydro geochemical, isotopic and rare earth element evidence for contrasting water-rock interactions at two undisturbed Zn-Pb massive sulphide deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp, N.B, Canada, J. Geochem Exp., (64), 237-261 (1998) @No $ @ @ Pitkanen P., Kaija J., Blomqvist R., Smellie J.A.T., Frape S.K., Laaksoharju M., Negral P.H., Casanova J. and Karhu J., Hydro geochemical interpretation of groundwater at Palmottu, Paper EUR 19118 EN, European Commission, Brussels, 155 – 167 (2002) @No $ @ @ Appelo C.A.J., Postma D., Geochemistry, groundwater and Pollution. Balkema, Rottadam, NL, 530 -536 (1993) @No $ @ @ Howard K.W.F and Lloyd J.W., Major ion characterization of coastal saline ground waters, Groundwater 21(4), 429-437(1983) @No $ @ @ Tellam J.H., and Lloyd J.W., Problems in the recognition of seawater intrusion by chemical means: an example of apparent chemical equivalence, Q. J. Eng. Geol., 19), 389-398 (1986) @No $ @ @ Lloyd J.W. and Tellam J.H., Caraterizacion hidroquimica de las agues subterraneas en areas costeras (Hydro chemical characterization of groundwater in coastal areas), Proceedings of International Symposium TIAC’88 (Tecnologia de la Intrusion marina en Acuiferos Costeros), Vol 1, Almunnecar, Granada, Spain, June 1-8 (1988) @No $ @ @ Ikeda K., Chemical evolution of groundwater quality in the southern foot of Mount Fuji, Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan,40 (7), 331- 404 (1989) @No $ @ @ Edet A.E., Groundwater quality assessment in parts of eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria,Environmental Geology, Springer Verlag, 22, 41 – 46 (1993) @No $ @ @ Morrell I., Pulido-Bosch A. and Fernandez Rubio R., Hydro geochemical analysis of salinization processes in the coastal aquifers of Oropesa, Spain, Environmental Geology, (29),118-131 (1986) @No $ @ @ Custodio E., Groundwater problems in coastal areas, In: Studies and Reports in Hydrology (UNESCO), (1987) @No $ @ @ Custodio E., Hidrogeoquimica, In: Custodio, E and Llymas, M.R (Ed.), Hydrologia Subterranea, Section 10, Omega, Barcelona (1983) @No $ @ @ Garrels R.M and Mackenzie, F.T., Gregor’s denudation of the continents, Nature,(23), 382 – 383 (1971) @No $ @ @ Stallard R.F. and Edmund J.M., Geochemistry of the Amazon River, The influence of Geology and weathering environment on dissolved load, Journal of Geophysical Research, (88), 9671 – 9688 (1983) @No $ @ @ Sarin M.M., Krishnaswamy S., Somajajulu B.L.K. and Moore W.S., Major ion chemistry of the Ganga-Brahmaputra and fluxes to the Bay of Bengal, Geochem Cosmochim Acta, (53), 997 – 1009 (1989) @No $ @ @ Berner E.K. and Berner R.A., The global water cycle: geochemistry and environment, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, New Jersey, USA (1996) @No $ @ @ Matheis G., The properties of groundwater, Wiley, New York, USA (1982) @No $ @ @ Sami K., Recharge mechanisms and geochemical processes in a semi-arid sedimentary basin, Eastern Cape, South Africa, Journal of Hydrology, (139), 27-48 (1992) @No $ @ @ Panteleit B., Kessels W., Kantor W. and Schulz H.D., Geochemical characteristics of salinization-zones in the Coastal Aquifer Test Field (CAT-Field) in North- Germany. In: Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers – Monitoring, Modelling, and Management, Essaouira, Morocco, 1- 11 (2001) @No $ @ @ Zhu G.F., Su Y.H., and Feng Q., The hydro geochemical characteristics and evolution of groundwater and surface water in the Heihe River Basin, northwest China, Hydrogeology Journal, (16), 167-182 (2008) @No $ @ @ Hounslow A.W., Water quality data: analysis and interpretation, CRC, Boca Raton, FL (1995) @No $ @ @ Sanchez-Martos F., Pulido-Bosch A., Molina-Sanchez L. and Vallejos Izquierdo A., Identification of the origin of salinization in groundwater using minor ions (Lower ANDARAX, Southeast. Spain), Science of the Total Environment, (29), 43-58 (2002) @No $ @ @ Kim J.H; Kim R.H. and Chang H.W., Hydro geochemical Characterization of major factors affecting the quality of shallow Groundwater in the coastal area at Kimje in South Korea, Environmental Geology, 478- 489 (2003) @No $ @ @ Moujabber E.l., Bou Samra M., Darwish B., and Atallah T., Comparison of different indicators for groundwater contamination by seawater intrusion on the Lebanese Coast, Water Resources Management, (20), 161 -180 (2006) @No $ @ @ Edet A.E. and Okereke C.S., .Delineation of shallow groundwater aquifers in the coastal plain sands of Calabar area (Southern Nigeria) using surface resistivity and hydro geological data,Journal of African Earth Sciences (35), 433-443 (2002) @No <#LINE#>New Biologically Active Compounds from 1,3-Diketones<#LINE#>George@Mulongo,Jolocam@Mbabazi,B.@Odongkara,H.@Twinomuhwezi,G.B.@Mpango<#LINE#>102-108<#LINE#>13.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, UGANDA @ Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, UGANDA Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, UGANDA <#LINE#>30/4/2011<#LINE#>28/5/2011<#LINE#> The ready availability of cyclohexanones and the enhanced reactivity at their -positions render them starting materials of choice in the present study. The synthesis of new compounds of antimicrobial activity was undertaken by the coupling of aromatic amines with 5,5-dimethyl cyclohexan-1,3-dione (dimedone). The products were refluxed with N–benzyl-N-phenylhydrazine in acetic acid. The structures of the products were elucidated using micro- and IR-spectral analyses. They were confirmed using H NMR at 60MHz and TMS as internal standard. The diketone derivatives were tested for their biological activity against gram-positive Cocci and Bacilli, and gram-negative Bacilli. The study showed that the derivatives gave a wide range of activity from inactive to highly active, which proves it to be of fresh pharmaceutical interest. <#LINE#> @ @ French H.S. and Holden M.E.T., Absorption Spectra of Certain -Unsaturated Ketones, including Benzal Compounds, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 67, 1239 (1945) @No $ @ @ Schwarzenbach G. and Wittwer Ch., Über das Keto-Enol-Gleichgewicht bei cyclischen Diketonen, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 663 (1947) @No $ @ @ Conroy H., Picrotoxin. II., The Skeleton of Picrotoxinin. The Total Synthesis of dlPicrotoxadiene, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 74, 3046 1952) @No $ @ @ Meek E. G., Turnbull J. H. and Wilson W., Alicyclic compounds. Part II. The preparation of cyclohexane-1:3-diones and their enol ethers, J. Chem. Soc. 811 (1953) @No $ @ @ Shriner R.L. and Todd H.R., 1,3-Cyclohexadione-5,5-dimethyl, Org. Synth., II, 200 (1943) @No $ @ @ Frank R.L. and Hall H.K., Monocyclic Terpenes from Cyclic 1,3-Diketones, J. Chem. Soc. 72, 1645 (1950) @No $ @ @ Pal B.C., Dehydration of Phenylethylcyclohexanol-3, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 11, 3397 (1955) @No $ @ @ Chitra M., Shyamala D.C.S. and Sukumar E., Antibacterial Activity of Embelin, Filotropia, 74, 401 (2003) @No $ @ @ Manjudar S.H., Chakra G.S. and Kulkarni K.S., Medicinal Potential of Semecarpus anacardium Nut., J. Herb. Med. Toxicol.,, 9 (2008) @No $ @ @ Cousinité S., Gressier M., Alphonse P. and Menu M.J., Silica-Based Nanohybrids containing Dipyridine, Urethan, or Urea Derivatives, Chem. Matters, 19, 6492 (2007) @No $ @ @ Bares J., Richard P., Meunier P., Pirio N., Padelkova Z., Cernoisck Z., Cysarova I. and Ruzicka, A., Reactions of C,N-chelated Tin(II) and Lead(II) Compounds with Zirconocene Dichloride Derivatives, Organometallics, 28, 3105 (2009) @No <#LINE#>A Study of Effect of Electrolytes on the Capacitive Properties of Mustard Soot Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes<#LINE#>Mitali@Saha,Soma@Das,Monica@Debbarma<#LINE#>109-113<#LINE#>14.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Agartala-799055, Tripura, INDIA<#LINE#>1/5/2011<#LINE#>19/5/2011<#LINE#> Specific capacitances of a low-cost multiwalled carbon nanotubes produced in mass level by pyrolysing mustard oil, are being evaluated by means of cyclic voltammetry in 1M solution of various electrolytes. The carbon nanotubes with an average diameter of 30 nm have been functionalized and dispersed in polystyrene matrix to obtain thin film of the electroactive species. A comparative study of single and binary mixtures of various electrolytes as well as the effect of scan rates on the electrochemical performance of the functionalized carbon nanotubes (MS-CNT) was carried out. Even if the capacitance value obtained were not very high, but the production of carbon nanotubes in mass level and the use of the CNTs-insulating PS mixture on Teflon substrate provides an economical and easily available electrode material. <#LINE#> @ @ Conway B.E., J. Electrochem. Soc.,138, 1539-1548 (1991) @No $ @ @ Conway B.E., Electrochemical Supercapacitors, Scientific fundamentals and Technological Applications, Kluwer Scademic/Plenum Publishers, New York (1997) @No $ @ @ Sarangapani S., Tilak B.V. and Chen C.P., J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 3791-3799 (1996) @ Zheng J.P., Cygon P.J. and Jow T.R., J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 2699-2703 (1995) @No $ @ @ Takasu Y. and Murakami Y., Electrochim. Acta, 45, 4135-4141 (2000) @No $ @ @ Hu C.C. and Tsou T.W., J. Power Sources,115, 179-186 (2003) @No $ @ @ Hu C.C. and Wang C.C., J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1079-A1084 (2003) @No $ @ @ Chang J.K. and Tsai W.T., J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A1333-A1338 (2003) @No $ @ @ Chang J.K., Chen Y.L. and Tsai W.T., J. Appl. Electrochem,.34, 953-961(2004) @No $ @ @ Chang J.K., Chen Y.L. and Tsai W.T., J Power Sources,135, 354-360 (2004) @No $ @ @ Sun Y., Wilson S.R. and Schuster D.I., J. Am. Chem. Soc.,123, 5348-5349 (2001) @No $ @ @ Deng J., Ding X., Zhang W., Peng Y., Wang J., Long X., Li P. and Chan A.S.C., Eur. Polym. ., 38, 2479-2486 (2002) @No $ @ @ Li Q.W., Yan H., Cheng Y., Zhang J. and Liu Z.F., J. Mater. Chem., 12, 1179-1183 (2002) @No $ @ @ Du C., Yeh J. and Pan N., Nanotechnology, 16, 350-353 (2005) @No $ @ @ Portel C., Taberna P.L., Simon P. and Flahaut E., J. Power sources,139, 371-378 (2005) @No $ @ @ Beguin F., Szostak K., Lota G. and Frackowiak E., Adv. Mater.,17, 2380-2384 (2005) @No $ @ @ Frackowiak E. and Beguin F., Carbon,39, 937-950 (2001) @No $ @ @ Frackowiak E. and Beguin F., Carbon, 40, 1775-1787 (2002) @No $ @ @ Chen Q L., Xue K.H., Shen W., Tao F.F., Yin S.Y. and Xu W., Electrochim. Acta, 49, 4157-4161 (2004) @No $ @ @ Jung M., Kim H.G., Lee J.K., Joo O.S. and Mho S.I., Electrochim. Acta, 50, 857-862 (2004) @No $ @ @ Yoon B.J., Jeong S.H., Lee K.L., Kim H.S., Park C.G. and Han J.H., Chem. Phys. Lett., 388, 170-174 (2004) @No @Review Paper <#LINE#>Monitoring of Bioreactor using Statistical Techniques<#LINE#>SeshuKumar@Damarla,Madhusree@Kundu<#LINE#>114-119<#LINE#>15.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Orissa-769008, INDIA @ Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Orissa-769008, INDIA <#LINE#>21/4/2011<#LINE#>2/5/2011<#LINE#> Present study addresses the monitoring of a continuous bioreactor operation. New methodologies; based on clustering time series data and moving window based pattern matching have been proposed for the detection of fault in the chosen bioreactor process. A modified k-means clustering algorithm using similarity measure as a convergence criterion has been adopted for discriminating among time series data pertaining to various operating conditions. The proposed distance and PCA based combined similarity along with the moving window approach were used to discriminate among the normal operating conditions as well as detection of fault for the process taken up. <#LINE#> @ @ Singhal A. and Seborg D.E., Pattern matching in multivariate time series databases using a moving window approach, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 41, 3822-3838 (2002) @No $ @ @ Singhal A. and Seborg D.E., Matching Patterns from Historical Data Using PCA and Distance Similarity Factors, Proceedings of the 2001 American Control Conference; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ., 1759-1764 (2001) @No $ @ @ Johannesmeyer M.C., Singhal A. and Seborg D.E., Pattern Matching in Historical Data, AIChE J., 48, 2022-2038 (2002) @No $ @ @ Edwards V.H., Ko R.C. and Balogh S.A., Dynamics and control of continuous microbial propagators to subject substrate inhibition, Biotechnol, Bioeng., 14, 939-974 (1972) @No $ @ @ Agrawal P. and Lim H.C., Analysis of various control schemes for continuous bioreactors, Adv. Biochem. Eng./Biotechnol., 30, 61-90 1984) @No $ @ @ Kaushikram K.S., Damarla S.K. and Kundu M., Design of neural controllers for various configurations of continuous bioreactor, International Conference on System Dynamics and Control-ICSDC (2010) @No $ @ @ Kourti T. and MacGregor J.F., Multivariate SPC methods for process and product monitoring, J. Quality Tech., 28,409–428 1996) @No $ @ @ Martin E.B. and Morris A.J., An overview of multivariate statistical process control in continuous and batch performance monitoring, Trans. Inst. Meas. and Control, 18, 51–60 1996) @No $ @ @ Krzanowski W.J., Between-groups comparison of principal components, J. Amer. Stat. Association., 74, 703–707 (1979) @No $ @ @ Singhal A. and Seborg D.E., Clustering multivariate time series data, J. Chemometrics, 19, 427-438 (2005) @No