@Editorial
<#LINE#>Polymers: Multidimensional Aspects<#LINE#>Vimukta Sharma <#LINE#>Res.J.chem.sci.<#LINE#>
@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Anti-Rheumatic and Antioxidant activity of extract of Stem bark of Ficus bengalensis <#LINE#>N.@Manocha,S.K.@Chandra,V.@Sharma,B.@Sangameswaran,M.@Saluja<#LINE#>2-8<#LINE#>01.pdf<#LINE#>Swami Vivekanand college of Pharmacy, Indore, INDIA @ Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, INDIA @ B.M College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore, INDIA <#LINE#>1/04/2011<#LINE#>20/04/2011<#LINE#> Ficus bengalensis Linn (Moraceae) is commonly known as Banyan tree or Bargad. It possesses medicinal properties and in ayurveda is used in diuretic, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory agent and in diarechea. The analgesic, anti rheumatic and ant-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of the bark of  Ficus bengalensis (MFB) were studied at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg (i.p) using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant induced arthritis model, the Formalin induced arthritis model and the Agar induced arthritis model. The extract produced marked inhibitory effect on edema especially on secondary immunological arthritis and caused graded inhibition of both phases of Formalin- induced pain .The present study validates the traditional use, demonstrating that the methanolic extract of bark of Ficus bengalensis possesses dose –dependent anti-rheumatic activity in all the models with a possibility of acting through the central and peripherally mediated activities. The DPPH and hydrogen peroxide model demonstrated positive antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent manner(100g/ml). <#LINE#> @ @ Kirtikar K. R. and Basu B. D., Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book Distributor, Dehradun, India, 2312 (2004) @No $ @ @ Nadkarni K. M., Indian Materia Medica, Edn, Vol. I, Popular Book Depot, 544 (1955) @No $ @ @ Subramanian P. M. and Mishra G. S., Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis, Pol. J.  Pharm.,30(4), 559-62 (1978) @No $ @ @ Augusti K. T. and Daniel R. S., Antidiabetic effect of Leucocyanidine derivative isolated from bark of F.bengalensis, Indian J. Biochem Biophy,29, 380-82 (1992) @No $ @ @ Augusti K. T., Hypoglycaemic action of bengalenoside, a glycoside, isolated from F. Bengalensis in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 19, 218-220 (1975) @No $ @ @ Augusti K. T. and Cherian B., Effect of Leucopelargonin derivative from Ficusbengalensis Linn, On diabetic dogs, Ind J. Med .Res.,99, 82-86 (1994) @No $ @ @ Cherian S. and Augusti K. T., Antidiabetic effect of Leucopelargonidin, Indian Exp. Bio, 31 (1), 26 -29 (1993) @No $ @ @ Geetha A. and August K. T., Hypoglycaemic effects of Leucodelphinidin derivative isolated from F. bengalensis, Ind. J. Physiol Pharmacol,38, 220 (1994) @No $ @ @ Rimi Shukla and Shweta Gupta, Antioxidant effect of aqueous extract of bark of F. Bengalensis, J. of Ethnopharmacology, 92 (1), 47-51 (2004) @No $ @ @ Gabhe S. Y., Tatke P. A. and Khan T. A., Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of methanol extract of F.bengalensis, Ind. J. Pharmacology, 38(4), 271-275 (2006) @No $ @ @ Patil V. V. and Pimpirikar R. B., Pharmacognistical studies and evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus bengalensis, Journal Young Pharmacists, , 49-53 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mukherjee K., Pulok 2002, Kokate C. K., 1996, Khandelwal K. R., Practical Pharmacognosy, 67-70 (2006) @No $ @ @ Khandelwal, K. R., Kokate C. K., Gokhale S. R., Practical Pharmacognosy Techniques And Experiments, Nirali Prakashan Publications, 104-106 (1996) @No $ @ @ Zimmermann M., Ethical guidelines for investigation of experimental pain in conscious animals, Pain, 16, 109-10 (1983) @No $ @ @ Organization of Economical and Cooperation Development Guidelines for the Testing of chemicals-Acute Oral Toxicity up and Down Procedure, 425 (2006) @No $ @ @ Newbould B. B., Brit J. Pharmacol, 21, 127 (1963) @No $ @ @ Dubuisson D., and Dennis S. G., Pain, 4, 161 (1977) @No $ @ @ Okoli C. O., Akah P. A., Nwafor S. V. and Adams C. D., Anti-inflammatory activity of hexane leaf extracts Aspilia Africana., J. Ethnopharmacol. 109, 219-225 (2007) @No $ @ @ Iwueke A. V., Nwodo O. F. C., Okoli C. O., Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Vitex doniana leaves, Af.r J. Biotech,5 (20), 1929-1935 (2006) @No $ @ @ Perez G. R. M., Anti-inflammatory activity of Ambrosia artemisiaefolia and Rheo spathaceae, Phytomed, 3, 163-167 (1993) @No $ @ @ Hunskaar S., Hole K., Pain, 30103, (1987) @No $ @ @ Lee O. K. and Jeong Y. S., Effects of different concentrations of Formalin on Paw edema and Pain Behaviors in Rats, Journal Korean Med Sci., 17, 81-85 (2002) @No $ @ @ Tjolsen A., Berge O. G., Hunskaar S., Rosland J. H., Hole K., Pain, 51, 5 (1992) @No $ @ @ Shibata M., Ohkubo T., Takahashi H., Inoki R., Pain, 38, 347 (1989) @No $ @ @ Rosland J. H., Tjoisen A. and Hole K., Pain 42, 235 (1990) @No $ @ @ Paras S. Kirankumar H. and Sakshy S., Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory activity of @No $ @ @ Cymopsis tetragonoloba seeds in rodents, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 3(1), 163-165, (2010) @No $ @ @ Sharma A., Bhardwaj S., Mann A. S., Jain A. and Kharya M. D., Screening Methods of Antioxidant Activity: An Overview, Phcog Rev,(2), 232-238 (2007) @No
<#LINE#>Gradient RP-HPLC method for the determination of Purity and Assay of Raloxifenehydrochloride in Bulk Drug<#LINE#>A.@Sathyaraj,V.@Satyanarayana,M.V.Basaveswara@Rao<#LINE#>9-16<#LINE#>02.pdf<#LINE#>Swami Vivekanand college of Pharmacy, Indore, INDIA @ Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, INDIA @ B.M College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Indore, INDIA <#LINE#>02/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA <#LINE#> @ @ Boss S.M., Huster W.J., Neild J. et al., Effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on the endometrium of postmenopausal women, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 177, 1458-64 (1997) @No $ @ @ Hardman J.G and Limbird L.E., (Eds.), Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological, Basis of Therapeutics, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, (2001) @No $ @ @ Smith A., Heckelman P.E., Obenchain J.R., Gallipeau J.A.R., Arecca and Budavari S., The Merck Index, 13th Ed., Merck Research Laboratories,White house station, NJ, 1452. and references cited there in. (2001) @No $ @ @ Delmas P.D., Bjarnason N.H., Mitlak B.H. et al. Effects of raloxifene on bone mineral density, serum cholesterol concentrations, and uterine endometrium in postmenopausal women, N Engl J Med.,337, 1641-7 (1997) @No $ @ @ Baker V.L. and Jaffe R.B., Clinical uses of antiestrogens, Obstet. Gynecol. Surv.,51, 45-59 (1996) @No $ @ @ Kauffman R. F., and Bryant H. U., Selective estrogen receptor modulators, Drug News Perspect.,, 531-9  (1995) @No $ @ @ Lim H. K., Stellingweif S., Sisenwine S. and K. W., J. Chromatogram. A,831, 227-241 (1999) @No $ @ @ Delmas P., Bjarnason N. H., Mitlak B. H., Ravoux A. C., Shah A. S., Huster W. J., Draper M. and Christiansen C. N., Engl. J. Med., 337,1641–1647 (1997) @No $ @ @ Zweigenbaum J. and Henion J., Anal. Chem., 72, 2446–2454 (2000) @No $ @ @ United State Pharmacopoeia, USP/ NF(2003) @No $ @ @ Nandini P. and Jayant W. P.,Indian Drugs, 38,591–592 (2001) @No $ @ @ Wang Q., Zhang H. M., Yu Z. G. and Shenyang Yaoke Daxue Xuebao, 19, 105  (2002) @No 
<#LINE#>Wear characteristics of Chilled Zinc-Aluminium Alloy reinforced with Silicon Carbide Particulate composites<#LINE#>R.D.@Pruthviraj<#LINE#>17- 24<#LINE#>03.pdf<#LINE#> Dept. of Chemistry, Amruta Institute of Eng. and Mangt. Sci., Bidadi, Bangalore, INDIA <#LINE#>04/4/2011<#LINE#>20/4/2011<#LINE#>This paper describes the fabrication and testing of Zinc aluminium � based metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with silicon carbide particles cast in sand moulds containing metallic (copper, steel and cast iron), chills respectively. SiC particles (of size 50-100 �m) are added to the matrix. The dispersoid added was in steps of 3 wt. % (from 3 wt. % to 12 wt. %). The resulting composites cast were tested for their strength, hardness and wear resistance. Micro structural studies indicate good and uniform bonding between the matrix and the dispersoid. Strength and hardness increase by up to 9 wt.% of the SiC content and is highly dependent on the location of the casting from where the test specimens are taken. In addition, the wear resistance (dry and slurry wear) is significantly affected by the strength and hardness of the composite developed. It was inferred that a small amount of SiC particles are sufficient to cause a fairly large change in mechanical properties. <#LINE#> @ @ Alpas A.T. and Zang J., Effect of Sic particulate reinforcement on the dry sliding wear of aluminium-silicon alloys, Wear, 155, 83-104(1992) @No $ @ @ Hosking F.M., Fabrication and wear behaviour, J.Mater, 17, 477- 498 (1982) @No $ @ @ Surappa M.K., Prasad S.V. and Rohatgi P.K., Wear and abrasion of cast Al-alumina particle composites, Wear, 77, 295-302 (1982) @No $ @ @ Anand K. and Kishore, on the wear of aluminium-corundum composites, Wear, 85 (1983) @No $ @ @ Prasad S.V. and Rohatgi P.K., Tribological properties of Al alloy particle composites, J.Met, 39(11), 22-26 (1987) @No $ @ @ Saka N. and Karalekas D.P., Friction and wear of particle reinforced metal-ceramic composites in K.C.Ludema, ed., Wear of Metals, ASME, New York,784-793 (1985) @No $ @ @ Rogati P.K., Cast metal matrix composites, ASM Handbook Castings, 15, 840-854 (1992) @No $ @ @ Sachin Y. and Acilar M., Composites part A, 709-718 (2003) @No $ @ @ Prasad S.V., Rohatgi P.K. and Kosel T.H., Mechanisms of material removal during low stress and high stress abrasion of aluminium alloys-zircon particle composites, Material Sci. Engg., 80, 213-220 (1986) @No $ @ @ Banerjee A., Prasad S.V, Surappa M.K. and Rohatgi P.K., Abrasive wear of cast aluminium alloy-zircon particle composites, Wear, 82, 141-151 (1982) @No $ @ @ Gurcan A.B., Baker T.N., Wear behaviour of AA6061 Aluminium alloy and its composites Wear, 188, 185-191 (1995) @No $ @ @ Bransali K.J. and Mehrabian R., Abrasive wear of Aluminium matrix composites, J.Met, 32, 30-34 (1982) @No $ @ @ Razaghian A., Yu D., Chandra T., Composites Sci and Technol, 58, 293 (1998) @No $ @ @ SQ Wu, Wang H.Z. and Tjong S.C., Composites Sci and Technol, 56, 1261 (1996) @No $ @ @ Seah K.W.H., Hemanth J., Sharma S.C., J. of Material and Design, 24, 87-93(2003) @No $ @ @ Divecha E.P., Fishman S.D. and Karmakar S.D., J. of Metals, 33, 12 (1981) @No $ @ @ McDaniels D. L., Metal Transactions 16A, 105(1985) @No $ @ @ Srinivasan T.S., Auradkar R. and Prakash A, Engg. Frac. Mech,  40, 227 (1991) @No $ @ @ Crowe C.R., Grey R.A. and Haryson D.F., Metals Soc. of AMIE, Warrandale, Pennsylvania, USA., 843 (1985) @No $ @ @ Lewandowski J.J., Liu C. and Hunt W.H., Metals Soc. of AMIE, Warrandale, Pennsylvania, USA., 163 (1985) @No $ @ @ Reddy G.P. and Paul P.K., Be. Foundryman, 69, 265-272 (1976) @No $ @ @ Ruddle R.W., J. of Inst. of Metals, 77, 37 (1950) @No $ @ @ Hemanth, J. of Mater. Design, 21, 128 (2000) @No
<#LINE#>Chemical Constituents and Melanin Promotion activity of Cissus quadranglaris Linn<#LINE#>G.V.@Rao,T.@Annamalai,T.@Mukhopadhyay,S@Madhavi,Lakshmi@Machavolu<#LINE#>25-29<#LINE#>04.pdf<#LINE#>CavinKare Research Centre, 12, Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai-600 032, INDIA <#LINE#>05/4/2011<#LINE#>21/4/2011<#LINE#>  Bio-activity guided isolation of the methanolic extract of the stems of Cissus quadrangularis Linn., resulted three known compounds, lupeol (1), freidalin (2) and -sitosterol (3).  The structures of these compounds were elucidated by physical and spectral data (UV, IR, H, 13C NMR and Mass). Different fractions and compounds from the stems were investigated for melanin promotion activity. The compound, lupeol (3) showed five times more potent melanin promotion activity when compared with standard control compound, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). <#LINE#> @ @   The wealth of India, Raw materials, CSIR, New Delhi, , 593-594 (1992) @No $ @ @  Williamson E.M., Major herbs of Ayurveda Churchil Livingsotone, New York, 106-109 (2002) @No $ @ @  Asolkar L.V., Kakkar K.K. and Chakre O.J., Second supplement to Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principals, CSIR, New Delhi,  206 (1992) @No $ @ @  Sharma P.C., Yelne M.B., Dennis T.J., Aruna Joshi, Prabhune Y.S. and Borkar G.B., Data base on medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi , 43-49 (2000) @No $ @ @   Gupta M.M. and Verma R.K., Lipid constituents of Cissus quadrangulari,. Phytochem, 30, 875-78 (1991) @No $ @ @  Adesanya S.A., Nia R., Martin M.T., Boukamcha N., Montagnac A. and Pias M., Stilbene derivatives from Cissus quadrangularis,J. Nat. Prod., 62, 1694-1695 (1999) @No $ @ @  Mehta M, Kaur N. and Bhutani K.K., Determination of marker constituents from Cissus quadrangularisLinn and their quantification by HPTLC and HPLC, Phytochem.  Anal., 12, 91-95 (2001) @No $ @ @   Singh G., Rawat P. and Maurya R., Constituents of Cissus quadrangularis,Nat. Prod. Res., 21, 522-528 (2007) @No $ @ @  Thakur A., Jain V., Hingorani L. and Laddha K.S., Phytochemical Studies on Cissusquadrangularis Linn., Pharmcog. Res., , 213-215 (2009) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., The chemical constituents and biological studies of Chloroxylon swietenia DC. A review, Indian Drugs, 45, 5-15 (2008) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Annamalai T. and Mukhopadhyay T.,  Nardal, a new sesquiterepene aldehyde  from the plant, Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Ind. J. Chem.,  47B, 163-165 (2008) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Rao K.S., Annamalai T., and Mukhopadhyay T.,  New coumarin diol from the plant, Chloroxylon  swietenia DC,  Ind. J. Chem.,  48B, 1041-1044 (2009) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Chemical constituents of Adiantumgenus: A review, Indian Drugs, 45, 837-858 (2008) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Rao K.S., Annamalai T. and Mukhopadhyay T., Chemical constituents and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity of Chloroxylon swietenia leaves, Turk. J. Chem., 33, 521-526 (2009) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Mukhopadhyay T. and Radhakrishnan N., Artoindonesianin F a potent tyrosinase inhibitor from the roots of A. heterophyllus Lam., Ind. J. Chem., 49B, 1264-1266 (2010) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Radhakrishanan N. and Mukhopadhyay T., Improved cosmetic skin lightening composition, Indian Patent Appl.  No.1727/ CHE (2007) @No $ @ @  Rao G.V., Mukhopadhyay T. and Rajesh G.D., Skincare compositions from Mangifera Indica,Indian Patent Appl.  No.2138/CHE (2007) @No $ @ @  Lee J., Jung E., Park J.,  Park B., Jung K., Park E, et al., Glycyrrhin induces melanogenesis by elevating a cAMP level in B16 melanoma cells,  J. Invest. Dermatol., 124, 405-411 (2005) @No $ @ @  Boonyaratavej S. and Petsom A., A chemical constituents of the roots of Bridelia tomentosa, J. Sci. Soc. Thailand., 17, 61-69 (1991) @No $ @ @  Aratanechemuge Y., Hibasami H., Sanpin K., Katsujaki H., Mai K. and Komiya T.,   Induction of apoptosis by lupeolisolated from mokumen Gossampinus malabarica L. Merr inhuman promyelotic leukemia HL-60 cells, Oncol. Rep., 11, 289-292 (2004) @No  
<#LINE#>Stannate (IV) and Antimonate (V) Hexahydroxy-anion complexes with Di- and Polyhydric Phenols<#LINE#>Jolocam@Mbabazi,M.@Ntale,J.@Kwetegyeka,G.@Mulongo,H@Twinomuhwezi,P.@Nnamuyomba<#LINE#>30-38<#LINE#>05.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, UGANDA @ Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, UGANDA @ Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, UGANDA <#LINE#>05/4/2011<#LINE#>20/4/2011<#LINE#> An identification has been achieved of only 1:1 and 1:2 chelates of hexahydroxystannate (IV) anions with ortho (i.e., 1,2)-diphenols, using potentiometric and conductimetric techniques. Lack of evidence for organo-richer complexes in aqueous media is in contrast to antimonite (V) hexahydroxy anions and tellurate (VI), which are each able to form a tris (catecholate). <#LINE#> @ @  Mbabazi J., On the chelation of stannate(IV), antimonate(V) and tellurate(VI) anions with cyclic and acyclic hexols, Polyhedron,4, 75-80 (1985) @No $ @ @  Mbabazi J., Sugar complexes of Sn(IV), Sb(V) and Te(VI) hydroxyanions, Carbohydr. Res., 140, 151-154 (1985) @No $ @ @  Mbabazi J., Wasswa J., Ntale M., Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the stannate (IV)-polyol reaction, Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop., 24(3), 447-456 (2010) @No $ @ @  Albeck M. and Sredni B., US Patent 7276628, Biologically Active Complex(2007) @No $ @ @   Available at: www.freepatentsonline.com/7276628.html 5. Mbabazi J. and Popiel W. J., Complex formation between telluric acid and dihydroxybenzenes in aqueous solution, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 41, 1491-1493 (1979) @No $ @ @  Mbabazi J., Stoichiometries and kinetics of formation of polyol-tellurate complexes, MSc Thesis, Makerere University, Uganda, 41-59 (1980) @No $ @ @  Norkus E., Metal ion complexes with native cyclodextrins, an overview, J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem., 65, 237-248 (2009) @No $ @ @  Claire K., Giselle S., Jason C., Adam S. and Ptolemy P., Electrokinetic probes for single-step screening of polyol stereoisomers: the virtues of ternary boronate ester complex formationChem. Commun., 338-340 (2008) @No $ @ @   Benner K., Ihringer J., Klufers P. and Marinov D., Cyclodextrin Bucket Wheels: An Oligosaccharide Assembly Accommodates Metal (IV) CentersAngew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45(35),5818-5822 (2006) @No $ @ @  Tomonori S., Hidetaka K., Kazuya U., Satoshi T., Akira H., Kyoichi S., Masao T. and Takanobu S., Structure of polyol–ligand-containing polymer brush on the porous membrane for antimony(III) binding  J. Membr. Sci., 236, 65-71 (2004) @No $ @ @  Wen-Ching W., Po-Hsiang C. and Mo-Hsiung Y., Study on the effect of polyhydroxy compounds on the sensitivity enhancement of elements in electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 15, 1466-1473 (2000) @No $ @ @  Haight G.P. and Paragamian V., Color Complexes of Catechol with Molybdate, Anal. Chem., 32, 642-644 (1960) @No $ @ @  Brown D.H., Tungstate complexes with catecholJ. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 146-151 (1961) @No $ @ @  Antikainen P.J. and Witkainen U., The oxyanion chelates of O-diphenols, Part VIII. The chelation of boric acid with dopamine, Finn, Chem. Lett., 4, 156-158 (1974) @No $ @ @  Blandamer M.J., Burgess J., Hamshere S.J., White C., Haines R.I. and McAuley A., Initial state and transition state salvation effects in the oxidation of iodide and catechol by hexachloroiridate(IV) in binary aqueous solvent mixtures, Can. J. Chem. 61, 1361-1370 (1983) @No $ @ @  Mazieres J. and Lefebvre J., Coordination of the Sb(OH) ion with catechol–equilibrium studies,  Rev. Chim. Miner., 13, 459-484 (1976) @No $ @ @  Gut R., Schmid E. and Serrallach J., Acetylacetonat-Komplexe des SiIV und TiIV, brenzcatechinat-komplexe des SbIII, SiIV, TiIVund SnIV in methanolischer Lösung,  Helv. Chim. Acta, 54, 609-624 (1971) @No $ @ @  Gate S.H. and Richardson E., Some studies on antimonic acid-I: Some properties, effect of , and reaction with polyhydroxy compoundsJ. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 23, 257-263 (1961) @No $ @ @  Albert A. and Serjeant E.P., Ionisation Constants of Acids and Bases, Methuen, London, 17 (1962) @No $ @ @  Yoe J.K. and Jones A.L., Colorimetric determination of Iron with disodium-1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed., 16, 111-115 (1944) @No $ @ @  Mazieres J. and Lefebvre J., Kinetic studies of the coordination of the Sb(OH) ion with catechol, Rev. Chim, Miner., 13, 470-484 (1976) @No $ @ @  Gate S.H. and Richardson E., Some studies on antimonic acid–II, Complex formation with polyhydric phenols and -hydroxyacids, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 23, 265-273 (1961) @No $ @ @  Job P., Determining the stoichiometry of complexes in solution, Ann. Chim., 9, 113-120 (1928) @No $ @ @  Lindqvist O. and Lehmann M., A neutron diffraction refinement of the crystal structure of telluric acid, Te(OH)(mon), Acta Chem. Scand., 27 85-95 (1973) @No $ @ @  Andersson E., Lindqvist O. and Yamaguchi T., An x-ray diffraction study on the structure of telluric acid Te(OH) in aqueous solution, Acta Chem. Scand., A15, 591-597 (1981) @No $ @ @  Asai T. Refinement of the Crystal Structure of Sodium Hexahydroxoantimonate(V), NaSb(OH), Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 2677-2679 (1975) @No $ @ @  Cohen-Addad C., Structural studies of the hydroxystannates CaSn(OH) and ZnSn(OH) by neutron diffraction, infrared absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance, Bull.Soc.fr.Mineral.Cristallogr.,91, 315-324 (1968) @No $ @ @  Belcher A. and Nutten A. J., Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 3rd Ed. Butterworths, London, 177 (1970) @No
<#LINE#>Reductimetric determination of Copper (II) with Iron (ii) in Phosphoric Acid medium and in presence of Bromide ion <#LINE#>PatruduT.@Benarjiand K.V.@Raju<#LINE#>39-42<#LINE#>06.pdf<#LINE#>  Dept. of Chemistry, College of Eng., GITAM University, Hyderabad campus, Visakhapatnam, INDIA @ Dept. of Engineering Chemistry, College of Eng., Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA <#LINE#>06/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>   A simple, accurate and convenient reductimetric titration method has been developed for the determination of copper (II) with iron (II).  The method consists in titrating copper (II) against iron (II) in a medium containing 7.8M phosphoric acid and about 1.8M potassium bromide, either potentiometrically or visually using a thiazine dye, an oxazine dye or cacotheline as a redox indicator.  Copper (II) in the range of 10-30 mg has been determined by the two methods.  The accuracy of the potentiometric method is found to be + 0.5% while that of the visual indicator method is  0.6%.  The precision of the methods has been assessed by computing the pooled standard deviations and 95% confidence limits. The conditional redox potentials of the oxidant and reductant systems have been measured. Based on these potentials data the feasibility of the redox reaction has been explained.  The interferences due to diverse ions have been studied. <#LINE#> @ @   Kollhoff I., Stenger M., Belchor V.A. and Matsugama G., Volumetric Analysis-III, Titration methods: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Interscience publishers, Inc., Newyork (1957) @No $ @ @   Berka A., Vulterin J., and Zyka J., Newer Redox Titrations pergamon press, London, (1965) @No $ @ @   Ozo B.N., Vakil B.B., and Desai K.R., J. Inst. Chem, India, 55(2), 71 (1983) @No $ @ @  Patel N.K., Franco J.  and Chokshi M.R.,  J.Inst. Chem, India, 50(5), 208, (1978) @No $ @ @ Goswami S.D., Patel B.M.  and Patel. B., J.Inst. Chem, India, 55(2), 68 (1983) @No $ @ @ Murthy N.K.  and Chalam.G.K., J.Inst. Chem. India, 53, 47 (1981) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V.  and Gautam G.M., Talanta, 15(16), 490 (1988) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V., Raju G.B., Rao B.V. and  Patrudu T. B.,  J. Ind. Council Chem, 23(2),76 (2006) @No $ @ @ Dolezal J., Rybacek J.  and  Zyka J.,  Cesk. Farm, (In Czeck), 14, 59 (1965) @No $ @ @ Hammock E.W. and Swift E.H., Anal. Chem., 49, 21 (1975) @No $ @ @ Vogel A.I., A Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4th Edn., Longmans, London, 360, 399 (1961) @No $ @ @ Skoog D.A. and West D.M., Analytical Chemistry 3rd Ed., Holt Reinhart and Winston,66 (1978) @No $ @ @ Dikshitulu L.S.A., Raju K.V. and Rao V.H.,  Indian J.Chem., 19A, 1031 (1980) @No $ @ @ Knecht E. and Hibbert E., New Reduction Methods in Volumetric Analysis, Longmans, London, 101 (1925) @No $ @ @ Szarvas P. and  Lantos J.,  Talanta, 10, 477(1963) @No $ @ @ Ruzicka E., Adamek J, and Andree. J., Monatsch. Chem., 97, 1558 (1966) @No $ @ @ Raju K.V., Sudhakar G. D., PatruduT. B., Asian J.Chem., 19(1), 683 (2007) @No $ @ @ Robert M.S. and Arthur E.M., Critical Stability Constants Vol. IV, Plenum Press, New York (1976)  @No $ @ @ Conant J.B. and Fieser L.F., J.Am. Chem., Soc, 46, 1858(1924) @No $ @ @Rao G.G. and Sagi S.R.,  Talanta, 9, 715(1962) @No 
<#LINE#>Study of Carbonization for Cashew Nut Shell<#LINE#>H.@SangerS.,A.G.@Mohod,Khandetode@ Y.P.,Shrirame@H.Y.,A.S.@Deshmukh<#LINE#>43-55<#LINE#>07.pdf<#LINE#> Dept. of Elec. and other Energy Sources, College of Agri. Eng. and Tech. DBSKKV, INDIA <#LINE#>07/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>Cashew nut shell (CNS) was utilized for carbonization in developed prototype kiln. Prototype kiln was evaluated with direct and indirect methods and characteristics of CNS and CNS char were determined by proximate and ultimate analysis. The maximum CNS temperatures obtained inside the kiln during direct and indirect method were recorded as 452.20C and 458.80C respectively. Maximum oil percentage, charcoal percentage and ash percentage in direct method were observed as 21.1 per cent, 21.04 per cent and 3.34 per cent respectively whereas 23.8 per cent, 18.3 per cent and 1.27 per cent in indirect method respectively. Hydrogen content in CNS was found about 6 to 7 per cent and nitrogen content in CNS was found about 0.70 to 0.75 per cent. Oxygen content in CNS was observed about 29 to 31 percent. Carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content of the CNS char were observed in the range of 73 to 76 per cent, 4 to 5 per cent and 1 to 2 per cent respectively. It was found that nitrogen content has increased in CNS char after the carbonization of CNS. Oxygen content in the CNS char gets reduced to 13 to 14 percent, which was comparatively very less than CNS. It was observed that indirect method is more suitable for carbonization than direct method for obtaining higher calorific value char and maximum fixed carbon percentage as found in cashew nut shell char as 60 per cent. <#LINE#> @ @ http://www.cashewindia.org @No $ @ @ Haldankar P.M., Haldvnkar P.C., Govekar M.S. and Mali P.C., Cashew research  and  development in Konkan region of Maharashtra, Proceeding of National seminar on  research, development and marketing of cashew, Goa, 33-35 (2007) @No $ @ @ Anonymous Cashew production technology. Technical Note, National Research Center for Cashew, ICAR, Puttur, Karnataka, 12-34 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mohod Atul, Jain Sudhir and Powar A.G., Energy option for small-scale cashew nut processing in India, Energy Research Journal,1,47-50 (2010) @No $ @ @ Belen B. Bisana and Nieva B. Laxamana, Utilization of cashew nut shell residue for charcoal briquettes and activated carbon production, Journal of Wood Science,44, 56-61 (2008) @No $ @ @ Rajapakse R.A., Gunatillakeand P.A. and Wijekoon K.B., A Preliminary study on  processing of cashew-nuts and production of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on a commercial scale in Sri Lanka, J. Ntn. Sci. Coun.,5(2), 117-124 (1977) @No $ @ @ Venkata Ramanan M., Lakshmanan E., Sethumadhavan R. and Renganarayanan S., Performance prediction and validation of equilibrium modeling for Gasification of cashew nut shell char, Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering,25(3), 585-601 (2008) @No $ @ @ Maria Lucilia dos Santos and Gouvan C. de Magalhães, Utilisation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid from Anacardium occidentale as Starting Material for Organic Snthesis: A Novel Route to Lasiodiplodin from Cardols, J. Braz. Chem. Soc.,  10(1), 13-20, (1999) @No $ @ @ Tsamba Yang Weihong and Wlodzimierz Blasiak, Pyrolysis characteristics and global kinetics of coconut and cashew nut shells, Fuel Processing Technology,87, 523-530 (2006) @No $ @ @ Das Piyali and Ganesh Anuradda, Bio-oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell-a near fuel, Biomass and Bioenergy, 25, 113-117 (2003) @No $ @ @ Das Piyali, Sreelatha T. and Anuradda G., Bio-oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell characterization and related properties, Biomass and Bioenergy,27, 265-275 (2004) @No $ @ @ Bard, E.Science, 292, 2443-2444 (2001) @No $ @ @ Kampegowda Rajesh and Chandayot Pongchan, Slow pyrolysis for rural small biomass energy by joint project development in Brazil and Thailand (2007) @No $ @ @ www.asianust.ac.th, 1-17. 14.Mathew Obichukwu, Labake and Ngozi Rita, Extraction of Polyphenols from Cashew Nut Shell, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, , 107-112 (2006) @No $ @ @ Behrens R., Cashew as an Agroforestry Crop, Tropical Agriculture, Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany (1996) @No $ @ @ Lubi M.C. and Thachil E.T., Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL)- a versatile monomer for polymer synthesis, International journal of polymeric materials, 3(2), 123-153 (2000) @No $ @ @ Oghome P. and Kehinde A.J., Separation of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid by column Cromatography, African Journal of Science and Technology, Science and engineering,  5(2), 92-95(2000) @No $ @ @ Shobha S.V. and Ravindranath B., Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Solvent Extraction of the Phenolic Lipids of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Shells., J. Agric. Food Chem.,39, 2214-2217 (1991) @No $ @ @ Tyman J.H.P., In Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Atta-ur-Rahan, Ed., Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, , 313 (1991) @No $ @ @ Ro K.S., Cantrell K.B., Hunt P.G., Ducey T. F. Vanotti M.B. and Szogi A.A., Thermo chemical conversion of livestock waste: carbonization of swine solids, Journal of bioresearch Technology, 100, 5466-5471, (2009) @No $ @ @ Singh R.N., Jena U., Patel J.B. and Sharma A. M., Feasibility study of cashew nut shell as an open core gasifier feedstock, Renewable Energy,31,  481-487 (2006) @No $ @ @ Anonymous, AMM, Murugappa Chettiar Research Center Taramani, Chenai, 3-4 (2008) @No $ @ @ Sjoerd Nienhuys Ing., The Beehive Charcoal Briquette Stove in the Khumbu Region, Nepal, 6-7 (2003) @No $ @ @ Jenkins B.M., Baxter L.L., Miles J and Miles T.R., Combustion properties of biomass, Fuel processing Technology, 54, 17-46 (1998) @No $ @ @ Quaak P,Knowf H, and Stassen H.biomass: a review of combustion and gasification technologies, World Bank Technical paper Series No. 422, WashingWorld Bank, 178  (1999) @No $ @ @ Dara S.S., A practical handbook of EngineeringChemistry, 60-62 (1999) @No $ @ @ Anonymous, Notes from Bureau of Energy Efficiency (2008) @No $ @ @ Shafizadeh F. and Chin P.S.deterioration of Wood, In wood technology: chemistry aspects, edited by I S GolWashington, DC:ACS press, 57-8 @No $ @ @ Wenzl H., Rates of coal pyrolysis and gasification reactions. In coal conversion technology, edited by C.Y. Wen and E.S. Lee, 57-170 (1970) @No $ @ @ Curvers A. and Gigler J.K., Characterization of biomass fuel, an inventory of standard procedure for the determination of biomass propertiesECN-C-96-032, 66 (1996) @No $ @ @ Cordero T., Marquez F., Rodriguezand Rodriguez J.J., Predicting heating values of lignocelluloses and carbonaceous materials frproximate analysis, Fuel,80,1567 @No $ @ @ Kishor V.V.V.N., Renewable Energy Engineering and Technology, TERI Press, New Delhi, 717 (2008) @No
<#LINE#>Preparation and Characterization of Supported Photocatalytic Composite and its Decomposition and Disinfection Effect on Bacteria in Municipal Sewage WaterS<#LINE#>P.H@hivaraju<#LINE#>56-63<#LINE#>08.pdf<#LINE#>  Dept. of Environmental Science, Yuvaraja Collage, University of Mysore, Mysore, INDIA <#LINE#>07/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#> TiO/CASB was prepared by straight forward mild hydrothermal processes. As prepared photocatalytic materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microcopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Positrons Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) to assess their physicochemical properties. Their photocatalytic decomposition and disinfection activity of bacteria in municipal sewage water was studied. The XRD studies reveal the presence of TiO in the form of anatase phase in the supported composite.  The XRD studies further suggested that well crystalline form of TiO onto calcium alumino silicate beads (CASB) supports.  FTIR results revealed the presence of Ti-O-Si linkages in the TiO/CASB composite, which are responsible for its higher photocatalytic activity in the destruction of bacterial mass in the sewage water. TiO deposited CASB composite showed drastic reduction in the colony forming unit (CFU) of sewage water with UV light.  <#LINE#> @ @ Shivaraju H.P., Byrappa K., Shayan M.B., Rungnapa T., Pakamard S., Kumar M.S. Vijay and Ananda S., Hydrothermal coating of ZnO onto calcium alumino-silicate beads and their application in the photodegradation of amaranth dye, Mater. Rese. Innov.,14(1), 73-79 (2010) @No $ @ @ Sajan C.P., Shivaraju H.P., Lokanatha Rai K.M., Ananda S., Shayan M.B., Thonthai T., Narasshima Rao G.V., Byrappa K., Photocatalytic degradation of textile effluent using hydrothermal prepared Titania supported molybdenum oxide photocatalyst, Mater. Rese. Innov, 14(1), 89-94 (2010) @No $ @ @ Gao X., and Wachs I.E, Titania–silica as catalysts: molecular structural characteristics and physico-chemical properties, Cat. Today,51, 233-254 (1999) @No $ @ @ Nguyen V.C. and Nguyen T.V., Photocatalytic removal of phenol under natural sunlight over n-tio-sio catalyst: the effect of nitrogen composition in TiO-SiO2,Environ. Asia.,, 23-29 (2009) @No $ @ @ Mohammadi M.R., Rad A. Esmaeili and Fray D. J., Water-based sol–gel nanocrystalline barium titanate: controlling the crystal structure and phase transformation by Ba:Ti atomic ratio., J Mater. Sci.,44, 4959–4968 (2009) @No $ @ @ Sreethawong T., Suzuki Y., and Yoshikawa S., Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of nanocrystalline mesoporous Titania prepared by surfactant-assisted templating sol–gel process, J. Solid. State. Chem., 178(1), 329–338 (2005) @No $ @ @ Park D.J., Dong C.K., Jeong Y.L. and Hyung K. C., Synthesis and microstructural characterization of growth direction controlled ZnO nanorods using a buffer layer, Nanotech 17, 5238–5243 (2006) @No $ @ @ Sanjeev C. and Pierre F., Formation of solid splats during thermal spray deposition, J. Ther. Spray, Technol,  18, 148-180 (2009) @No $ @ @ Scharrer M., Wu X., Yamilov A., Cao H., Chang R.P.H., Fabrication of inverted opal ZnO photonic crystals by atomic layer deposition, Appl. Phys. Lett.86, 1-3, (2005) @No $ @ @ Wang L.J., Zhang M.H., Tao W. Li, K.Y., Effect of TiOsupport on the composition, morphology and catalytic property of the NiB amorphous alloy catalyst, Chine. Chem. Lett.,15(11) 1357-1360 (2004) @No $ @ @ Benjaram M.R., Komateedi N.R., Gunugunuri K. R., and Pankaj B., Characterization and catalytic activity of V/Al-TiO for selective oxidation of 4-methylanisole, J. Molecul. Cat. A: Chem., 253, 44–51 (2006) @No $ @ @  Shahmoradi B., Ibrahim I.A., Sakamoto N., Ananda S., Somashekar R., Guru Row T.N., Byrappa K., Photocatalytic treatment of municipal wastewater using modified neodymium doped TiO hybrid nanoparticles,  J. Environ. Sci. Heal. Part: A.,45(10)1248–1255 (2010) @No $ @ @ Byrappa K., Sunitha M.H., Subramani A.K., Ananda S., Rai K.M.L., Basavalingu B., and Yoshimura M., Hydrothermal preparation of neodymium oxide coated Titania composite designer particulates and its application in the photocatalytic degradation of Procion Red dye, J. Mater. Sci., 41, 1369-1375 (2006) @No $ @ @ Huang Z., Maness P.C., Blake D.M., Wolfrum E.J., Smolinksi S.L., and Jacoby W.A., Bactericidal mode of titanium dioxide photocatalysis,  J. Photochem. Photobiol:A.130, 163–170 (2000) @No $ @ @ Dong S.K. and Seung Y.K., Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli with a mesoporous TiOcoated film using the film adhesion method, Environ. Sci. Techno., l43, 148-151 (2009) @No $ @ @ Yu H., Zhang K., and Rossi C., Experimental studyof thephotocatalyticdegradation of formaldehyde in indoorair using a nano- particulatetitanium dioxide photo catalyst, Indoor. Built. Environ.,16(6), 529-537 (2007) @No $ @ @ Daniel M.B., Pin-Ching M., Zheng H., Edward J.W., and Jie H., Application of the photocatalytic chemistry of titanium dioxide to disinfection and the killing of cancer cells, Separ. Purific. Methods, 28(1), 1-50 (1999) @No $ @ @ Res.J.Chem.Sci.62 18.Matsunaga T., Tomodam R., Nakajima T., and Wake H., Photochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders, FEMS. Microbiol. Lett., 29, 211–214 (1985) @No $ @ @ Jean Y.C., Mallon P.E., and Schrader D.M., Principles and Applications of Positron and Positronium Chemistry, World Scientific Publishing. Singapore (2003) @No $ @ @ Nagaveni K., Hegde M.S., and Madras G., Structure and photocatalytic activity of Ti1-2±d (M= W, V, Ce, Zr, Fe and Cu) synthesized by solution combustion method, J. Phys. Chem:B.,108, 20204-20212  (2004) @No $ @ @ Brinker C. J., and G.W., Scherer Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. Academic Press, Boston, MA (1990) @No $ @ @ Evgeni A.S., Malkov A.A., and Malygin A.A., Hydrolytic stability of the Si–O–Ti bonds in the chemical assembly of Titania nanostructures on silica surfaces, Russ. Chem. Rev., 79, 907-917 (2010) @No $ @ @ Beck C., Mallat T., Buergi T., and Baiker A., Nature of active sites in sol-gel TiO-SiOepoxidation catalysts, J. Cat.204, 428-239 (2001) @No $ @ @ Klein S., Thorimbert S., and Maier W.F., Amorphous microporous titania–silica mixed oxides: preparation, characterization, and catalytic redox properties, J, Cat.163, 476-488 (1996) @No $ @ @ Dutoit D.C.M., Schneider M., and Baiker A., Titania-silica mixed oxides: I. influence of sol-gel and drying conditions on structural properties, J. Cat. 153, 165-176 (1995) @No $ @ @ Ireland J.C., Klostermann P., Rice E.W. and Clark R.M., Inactivation of Escherichia coli by titanium dioxide photocatalytic oxidation, Appl. Environ, Microbiol,59,1668–1670 (1993) @No $ @ @ Sjogren J.C. and Sierka R.A., Inactivation of phage MS by ironaided titanium dioxide photocatalysis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 344–347 (1994) @No $ @ @ Watts R.J., Kong S., Orr M.P., Miller G.C., and Henry B.E., Photocatalytic inactivation of coliform bacteria and viruses in secondary wastewater effluent, Water. Res., 29, 95–100 (1995) @No 
<#LINE#>Variation of Effective Atomic Numbers of some Thermoluminescence and Phantom Materials with Photon Energies<#LINE#>I.O.@Olarinoye<#LINE#>64-69<#LINE#>09.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, NIGERIA <#LINE#>07/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#> Effective atomic numbers (Zeff) of 15 materials (CaSO, nylon, methyl but-3-enoate, mylar, C4, Al, SiO, stearate, CH, CaF2 water, Iron sulphate, polystyrene, polyvinyl, and potassium calcium sulphate) used in dosimetry and substitute materials were calculated using standard formula based on their mass attenuation coefficients (µ). The µ of the materials were obtained for photon energies of 0.01 KeV to 20 MeV using WinXCOM. Generally, Zeff for each of the substances considered is not a constant but varies with photon energy. Zeff varies from11-17 for CaSO, 3-6 for  nylon, 6-7 for methyl but-3-enoate, 4-7 for mylar, 8-9 for C4, 10-12 for Al, 10-12 for SiO, 3-6 for stearate, 2-5 for CH, 13-18 for CaF2 3-8 for water, 12-23 for Iron sulphate, 4-6 for polystyrene, 5-16 for polyvinyl, and 12-17 for potassium calcium sulphate. The variations of Zeff with photon energy for all the 15 substances follow similar pattern. The variations were dictated by photon interaction processes. The highest value of Zeff for all the materials was obtained at the lowest energy, while the lowest value was obtained between 0.1 and 1.5 MeV. The mean atomic number of each compound was also found to be equal to the eff obtained at intermediate energies of the energy spectrum considered (0.1 MeV -1.5 MeV). The upper and lower limit of Zeff for each of the considered materials was found to be dictated by the atomic numbers of the constituent elements of the materials.  <#LINE#> @ @ James E.M., Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook.Copyright  WILEY- VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 822, (2006) @No $ @ @ Cevik U., Damla N.  andCelik A., Effective Atomic Numbers and Electron Densities For Cdse and Cdte Semiconductors, Radiat. Meas.,43 1437-1442 (2008) @No $ @ @ Jackson D.F., Hawkes D.J., X-ray attenuation coefficients of elements and mixtures, Phys. Rep., 70, 169–233 (1981) @No $ @ @ Shivaramu V.R., Effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption and energy dependence of some thermoluminescent dosimetric compounds, Nuclear Instruments and Meth.  Phys Research B, 168,  294-304 (2000) @No $ @ @ Johns H.E. and Cunningham J.R., The Physics of Radiology, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 796 (1983) @No $ @ @ Khan F.M., The physics of radiation therapy. Lippincot Williams and Wilkins, Philadephia, 542 (1984) @No $ @ @ Hine G.J., The effective atomic numbers of materials for various gammaray interactions,Phys. Rev.,85, 725 (1952) @No $ @ @ Siddappa K., Khayyom A., Parthasaradhi K. and Rao J.R., Effective Atomic Numbers for Photoelectric and Incoherent Scattering Processes for Gamma Rays., Nucl. Sci. Engng., 45, 96 (1971) @No $ @ @ Kiran K.T., Venkerteratnam S. and Venkata R. K., Effective Number Studies in Clay Minerals for Total Photon Interaction in the Energy Region 10 Kev to 10 Mev., Rad. Phys. Chem., 48, 70 (1996) @No $ @ @ Hubbell J.H., Seltzer S., Tables of X-ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coefficients 1 keV–20MeV for elements Z=1 to 92 and 48 additional substances of dosimetric interest, NISTIR 5632, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, (1995) @No $ @ @ Parthasaradhi K., Esposito A., Pelliccioni M., Photon attenuation coefficients in tissue equivalent compounds, Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 43, 1481–1484 (1992) @No $ @ @ Nowotny R., XMuDat: Photon attenuation data on PC. IAEA-NDS-195 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, (1998) @No $ @ @ Berger M.J., Hubbell J.H., 1987/1999, XCOM: Photon cross sections database, web version 1.2, available at http://physics.nist.gov/xcom. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, Originally published as NBSIR 87-3597 XCOM: Photon cross sections on a personal computer (1999) @No $ @ @ Gerward L., Guilbert N., Jensen K.B., Levring H., WinXCom-a program for calculating X-ray attenuation coefficients, Radiat. Phys. Chem., 71, 653–654 (2004) @No $ @ @ Manohara S.R., Hanagodimatha S.M., Thind K.S. and Gerward L., On the effective atomic number and electron density: a comprehensive set of formulas for all types of materials and energies above 1 keV., Nucl. Instum. Meth. B,266, 3906 (2008) @No $ @ @ Manjunathaguru V., Umesh, T. K., Effective atomic numbers and electron densities of some biologically important compounds containing H, 
	\n\r\n\r




		\rC, N, and O in the energy range 145–1330 keV., J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 39, 3969 (2006) @No
<#LINE#>A Study of the Distribution pattern of Heavy metals in surface soils around Arufu Pb-Zn mine, Northeastern Nigeria, Using Factor Analysis<#LINE#>AdamuChristopher@Iorfa,NganjeTherese@Ntonzi,E.E.@Ukwang,IBE Keneth@Abara,Neji@Peter<#LINE#>70-80<#LINE#>10.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Geology, University of Calabar. P.M.B 1115, Calabar,NIGERIA  @ Dept. of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurum, Delta State, NIGERIA @ Department of Chemistry, Cross River State University of   Technology, NIGERIA   <#LINE#>07/4/2011<#LINE#>22nd/4/2011<#LINE#> Surface soil samples at depth of 0-15cm were collected from the Arufu Pb-Zn mining district within the Middle Benue Trough for this study. The aim was to determine the levels and spatial variability of heavy metals in the surface soil as well as the factors controlling the overall pattern of surface soil variability in the mining district. The soil samples were digested with 4M HNO and analysed for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Ag using tomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model 210. Organic matter content (OM) and pH of the soil samples were also determined.  The resulting data was subjected to both descriptive and factor analyses. Results showed elevated levels of trace metals (Pb, Zn and Cd) and erratic distribution of trace metals in the surface soil. The factor analysis in R-mode was used to integrate the geochemical data. Factor 1 revealed the significant lithologic controls through oxidation of bedrock and sulphide minerals, as well as environmental controls through weathering and decomposition of organic matter. Factor 2 revealed anthropogenic controls through mining activities. Factor 3 revealed control by deposition under alkaline condition. Eingenvalues that accounted for about 70.56% of the total variance were also obtained. Clastic decomposition was identified to be more effective on the alkaline soil developed on carbonate host rocks. Lateral dispersion trains of heavy metals are limited to mine adits. These findings could play a key role to effective management of surface soil quality in the study area. <#LINE#> @ @  AbimbolaA.F., and Akande S., Alteration ofcarbonate host  Rocks of Fluorite-Pb-Zn mineralization at Arufu and Akwana,  middle Benue Trough, Nigeria, Jour of mining and Geol.,32(1), 19-25(1996) @No $ @ @  Adriano D.C., Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment, Springer–Verlag, New York, 867 (2001) @No $ @ @  Adikwu – Brown M.E., and Ogezi A.E., Heavy metal pollution from mining practices: A case study of Zurak, Jour of min and Geol.,7(2), 205-211 (1991) @No $ @ @  Arp A.P., Lateral variability of the forest floor as revealed by systematic sampling, Canada Jour. of soil sci.,64, 423 – 432 (1984) @No $ @ @  Chen T.B., Wong J.W.C., Zhou H.Y. and Wong M. H., Assessment  of  trace metal distribution and contamination in surface soil of Hong  Kong, Enviro pollu.,96(1), 61-68 (1997) @No $ @ @  Chukwuma  C., Evaluating baseline data for Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in  rice, yam, cassava and guinea grass from cultivated soils in Nigeria, Agric. Ecosystem and Enviro.,53, 47-61 (1998) @No $ @ @   Cox P.A., The elements on earth; Inorganic chemistry in the environment, Oxford Uni, Press Inc, New York, 235 (1995) @No $ @ @  De Haan F.A.M., Soil quality in relation to soil pollution, In Environmental change and human health (eds. J.V. Lake, F. Willey, G.R. Bock and L. Ackrili) Willey, Chichester 104 –123 (1993) @No $ @ @  Doyle M.O. and Otte M.L., Organism induced accumulation of Fe, Zn and As in Wetland soils, Enviro. Pollu., 96, 1-11 (1995) @No $ @ @  Gilbert R.O., Statistical method of environmental pollution  monitoring, Van Nastrand, Reinhold, Melbokrne, 319 (1987) @No $ @ @  Iloeje N.P., A New Geography of Nigeria, Longman Ltd, Benin, 200 (1981) @No $ @ @  Kabata-Pendias and Pendais H., Trace elements in soil and plants Lewis, Beca Raton, USA, 365, 5 (2002) @No $ @ @  .Kaiseer H.F., The Vrimax criteria foranalytical relation in factor analysis, Psychology., 33,137 – 200 (1974) @No $ @ @  Lee C.G., Chon H.T. and Jung M.C., Heavy metal contamination  in the vicinity of Dadule Au-Ag-Pb-Zn mine in Korea, Applied Geochemistry,16, 1377-1386 (2001) @No $ @ @  Nwabufo-Ene K. E., Non-oil mineral exploration in Nigeria, Jour of Sci and Tech., 1(1), 15-30 (1993) @No $ @ @  Ofoegbu C.O., A model for tectonic evolution of Nigeria, Geol Rd sch.,73, 319-330 (1984) @No $ @ @  Olade M.A., Evolution of Nigeria’s Benue Trough (aulacogen): a reinterpretation, J. Min. Geol.,13, 20-27 (1975) @No $ @ @  Oyewale A. O. and Funtua I. I., Copper and Zinc levels in soils along Kaduna-Zaria Highway, Nigeria – Estimation of  pollution level, cientia  Africance, 2(1), 26-32 (2003) @No $ @ @  Pargater R.C., Geology of the Pb-Zn deposit at Arufu and Akwana, Benue provine, Geol. Surv,Unpub, Rpt no. 1179 (1959) @No $ @ @  Reyment R. A., Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, Ibadan  University Press Ibadan, Nigeria, 145 (1965) @No $ @ @  Siegel F. R., Environmental Geochemistry of Potentially Toxic  Metals, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 218 (2002) @No $ @ @  Salami S. J., Akande E. A. and Zachariah D. M.,Level of heavy metals in soils and lemon grass in Jos, Bukuru and Environs Nigeria, Globa Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 13, 193-196 (2007) @No $ @ @  Thornton I. and Plant J., Regional geochemical mapping and health in the UK, Journal of Geological Society, London, 137,575-586 (1980) @No 
<#LINE#>Evaluation of Environmental Sulphide by Stabilisation of the Initial Product of the Pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II)-sulphide Reaction<#LINE#>Jolocam@Mbabazi,Yiga@Solomon,Henry@Ssekaalo<#LINE#>81-87<#LINE#>11.pdf<#LINE#> Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, UGANDA <#LINE#>09/4/2011<#LINE#>20/4/2011<#LINE#>  Determination of environmental sulphide requires non-interference from other anions. Cyanide stabilisation of the transient red-violet product of the pentacyanonitrosylferrate(II)-sulphide reaction enables effective quantification of a 0.3 - 5 working range and a 0.2 g ml-1 limit of detection. Sulphide in standard 2.0 g ml-1 solutions was detected to within 2.4% standard deviation. The technique has been applied to hot-spring water, marshland water and boiled eggs. The mean sulphide levels were 1.7 ± 0.2, 9.9 ± 0.2 and 21.7 ± 0.2,which compared favourably with 1.9 ± 0.3, 10.9 ± 0.3 and 22.6 ± 0.3 g ml-1, respectively, by iodimetry. <#LINE#> @ @  Clesceri L.S., Greenberg A.E. and Eaton A.D., Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and the Water Environment Federation (Ed.) Washington D.C., p 4 (1998) @No $ @ @  Guenther E.A., Johnson K.S. and Coale K.H., Direct ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of total sulphide and iodide in natural waters, Anal. Chem., 73, 3481-3487 (2001) @No $ @ @  Bernshtein V.N. and Belikov B.G., Sodium Nitroprusside and its Analytical Uses, Russian Chem. Rev.,30, 227-236 (1961) @No $ @ @  Whiteman M., Cheung N.S,, Zhu Y.Z., Chu S.H., Siau J.L., Wong B.S., Armstrong J.S. and Moore P.K., Hydrogen sulphide, A novel inhibitor of hypochlorous acid-mediated oxidative damage in the brain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 326, 794-798 (2005) @No $ @ @  Szabo C., Hydrogen sulphide and its therapeutic potential, Nat. Rev.,, 917-935 (2007) @No $ @ @  Mavura W.J., Determination of environmental sulphur using two methods, volumetric analysis and electrochemical methods, In Regional workshop on nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur derivatives in the environment, Kampala, Uganda, 8 (2005) @No $ @ @  Health Canada, Environmental and Workplace Health, Reports and Publications, Sulphide as S, 1987), Available on line at: www.hc-sc.gc.ca @No $ @ @  Kuban V., Dasgupta P.K. and Marx J.N., Nitroprusside and methylene blue methods for silicone membrane differentiated flow injection determination of sulphide in water and wastewater, Anal. Chem., 64, 36-43 (1992) @No $ @ @   Barzegar M, Jabbari A. and Esmaeili M., Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of sulfide, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 24(9), 1261-1264 (2003) @No $ @ @  Crompton T.R., Determination of anions, a guide for the analytical chemist, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heideberg, Gwynedd, Great Britain (1996) @No $ @ @  Scandinavian Pulp, Paper and Board, Testing Cimmittee, Sulphide, sulphite and thiosulphate in white and green liquors, 1-2 (1963) @No $ @ @  Rock P.A. and Swinehart J.H., The kinetics of the aqueous hydrogen sulphide-nitroprusside system, Inorg. Chem., , 1078-1079 (1965) @No $ @ @  Buchs M. A., Study of the photophysical and photochemical properties of metal complexes using density functional theory, Ph. D. thesis, University of Fribourg, Suisse, 67-88 2001). Available on line at: unifr.ch/theses/downloads.php?file=BuchsM.pdf  @No $ @ @  Ford P.C. and Lorkovic I.M., Mechanistic aspects of the reactions of nitric oxide with transition-metal complexes, Chem. Rev., 102,993-1017 (2002) @No $ @ @  Roncaroli F., Ruggiero M.E., Franco D.W., Estiu G.L. and Olabe J.A., A kinetic, mechanistic and DFT study of the electrophilic reactions of nitrosyl complexes with hydroxide, Inorg. Chem., 41, 5760 -5769 (2002) @No $ @ @  Xue-Xin Q., Yue-Ying G., Yamada M., Kobayashi E. and Suzuki S., 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane chemiluminiscence sensitised by rhodamine B on surfactant bilayer mmbrane assemblies for determination of sulphide by a flow injection method, Talanta,36,505-508 (1989) @No 
<#LINE#>New Ultramarine Generations from Egyptian Raw Materials<#LINE#>MorsyM.Abou@Sekkina,NehalA.@Salahuddin,A.@Elmaghraby,MonaY.@El-Ashry<#LINE#>88-98<#LINE#>12.pdf<#LINE#> Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, EGYPT @ Ceramic Department, National Research center,Cairo, EGYPT. <#LINE#>09/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>New ultramarine generation have been prepared by the solid state mixing and firing technique from Egyptian Raw Materials for the first time. The raw materials used includes kaoline, Na2CO3 , charcoal and sulphur precursors. The action of NH4Cl on the obtained ultramarine has been studied using X-ray, UV absorption and DC-electrical conductivity, whereas a midet esr appears. Results of TGA, DTA and electrical conductivity have been undertaken and interpreted for the first time. <#LINE#> @ @ Kowalak S., Stawinski K., Walowska R., and Zadrazona E., Zeolite Callog, 3rd Pub. 1998), 113, (1997) @No $ @ @ Gobeltz N., Demontier A., Leieur J., and Duheyon C., J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 94(15), 2257 (1998) @No $ @ @ Kowalak S., Pol. Pt 172, 362 (Cl. Co 9 Cl/32), (1997) @No $ @ @ Tae Y., Yoon C.Y., and Woong H.S., Shigen to Sozai, 114(2), 106 (1998) @No $ @ @ Kowalak S., Pol. Pt. 171, 246 (Cl. CO9C1/32 Pol (1997) @No $ @ @ K. Leschewski and H.Moller, J. Appl. Phys.,65, 250 (1932) @No $ @ @ Jaeger F.M., Bull J., Ceram. Soc.,53, 183, (1930) @No $ @ @ Hoffmann J., anorg Z. and Allgem, J. Chem., Soc., 189-91 (1930) @No $ @ @ Kook H. S., Tae Y. Y., Yoon C. Y., and Woong, Han’guk H. S., Chaelyo Hakhoechi, 7(10), 863 (1997) @No $ @ @ Gobeltz N., Demortier A., Lelieur J. P. and Duhayon C., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Tran.,94(5), 677 (1998) @No $ @ @ Balkus K. J., and Kowlak S., U. S. Patent S, 167, 942 (1992) @No $ @ @ Stoky G. D., Srdanov Harrison W.T.A., Gier T.E., Keder N.L., Moran K.L., Haug K., and Metiu H.I., J. ACS Symposium series499, 294 (1992) @No $ @ @ Kowalak S., Pulish Patent Appl., P-302065. @No $ @ @ Kowalak S., Stawinski K., Walawska R., and Zadro E., J. Chemia., 16, 212,(1999) @No $ @ @ Kowalak S., Strozyk M., Pawlowska M., Miluska M., and Kania J., Studies in Surface science and Catalysis, 105, Elsevier Science BV (1997) @No $ @ @  Seel F., J. Chemia, 5, 69 (1994) @No $ @ @  Kowalak S., Polish Patent ppl., P – 301761  167 (1992) @No $ @ @  Wieckowski A.B., Proc. Ramis-79, Poznan, 265 (1979) @No $ @ @  Karranov J. C., J. Inorganic Chem., 5, 3808 (1986) @No $ @ @  Bouhet C., and Lafont R., J. Acad. Sci., 226, 1263, (1948) @No $ @ @  Kera Y., J. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, 1478 (1984) @No $ @ @  Zurkova L., Sucha V., J. Thermochim. Acta.,98, 255, (1986) @No $ @ @  Abou-Sekkina M.M., J. Phys. Stat. Sol., (a) 146, 51 (1994) @No 
<#LINE#>Free Energy of Mixing of Two Magnesium Based Binary Liquid Alloys<#LINE#>S.K.@Chakrabarti,R.P.@Yadav,R.N.@Yadav<#LINE#>99-102<#LINE#>13.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Physics, M.M.A.M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, NEPAL @ Dept. of Chemistry, M.M.A.M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, NEPAL @ Dept. of Mathematics, M.M.A.M. Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, NEPAL <#LINE#>11/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>   There are a large number of binary liquid alloys which exhibit interesting behavior as a function of concentration as regards the thermodynamic properties. The anomalous behavior of these liquid alloys is least understood and demands extensive theoretical investigations. In the present work we have considered two binary molten alloys of magnesium-magnesium-bismuth and magnesium-tin-and tried to calculate their free energy of mixing (G) at different concentrations of the ingredients. Flory’s model has been applied to study the asymmetric behavior of G of them. It is a statistical mechanical model for the binary liquid alloys based on the size factor of the constituent metals. For each alloy we have started with the expression for activity of magnesium within it according to this model.Activity (a) is one of the fortunate thermodynamic functions which are obtained directly from experiment.After knowing the ratio of the atomic volumes of the constituent species of the alloy we have determined the interchange energy ) between them from the experimental values of ‘a’ by the method of successive approximations. Thereafter G has been computed from the mathematical expression of it by using this value of w. The results explain the observed anomaly in the free energy of mixing of the present liquid alloys.<#LINE#> @ @ Hultgren R., Desai P.D., Hawkins D.T., Gleiser M. and Kelley K.K., Selected values of the thermodynamic properties of binary alloys, A.S. M., Ohio (1973) @No $ @ @ Saboungi M.L., Marr J. and Blander M., Thermodynamic properties of a quasi-ionic alloy from electromotive force measurements : the Li-Pb system, J. Chem. Phys.,68, 1375 (1978) @No $ @ @ Lamparter P., Martin W., Steeb S. and Freyland W., Local order in liquid potassium-antimony alloys studied by neutron diffraction, J. Non-Cryst. Solids,61-62, 279 (1984) @No $ @ @ Harada S., Takahashi S., Takeda S., Tamaki S., Grey P. and Cusack N. E., Thermodynamic properties of liquid Na-Cd and Na-In, J. Phys.,F18, 2559 (1988) @No $ @ @ Bhatia A.B. and Hargrove W.H., Concentration fluctuations and thermodynamic properties of some compound forming binary molten systems, Phys. Rev.,B10, 3186 (1974) @No $ @ @ Shimoji M., Liquid metals, London Acad., London (1977) @No $ @ @ Kumar A., Rafique S.M., Jha N. and Mishra A.K., Structure, thermodynamic, electrical and surface properties of Cu-Mg binary alloy, complex formation model, Physica,B357, 445 (2005) @No $ @ @ Chakrabarti S. K., Heat of mixing of two complex forming binary liquid alloys of Cadmium, Proc. THERMANS,17, 49 (2010) @No $ @ @ Flory P.J., Thermodynamics of high polymer solutions, J. Chem. Phys., 10, 51 (1942) @No $ @ @ Rakshit P.C. and Das A., Inorganic chemistry,Sc. Book Agency, Kolkata (1973) @No 
<#LINE#>Effect of Potassium Chloride (KCl) on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete<#LINE#>Venkateswara V.@Reddy ,Kontham@Gnaneswar,RamanaNelluru@Venkata,Chundupalli@Sashidhar<#LINE#>103-107<#LINE#>14.pdf<#LINE#> JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, INDIA @ Irrigation and CAD Department,TBP HLC Circle,  Anantapur , INDIA @JNTUA College of Engineering, Anantapur, INDIA  <#LINE#>12/4/2011<#LINE#>22/4/2011<#LINE#>  This paper presents the effect of Potassium chloride (KCL) on OPC concrete. The OPC concrete produced with KCLdosage of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 g/lit added in deionised water and the same water is used in concrete mix (M20 and M50). In addition to this control specimens were prepared with deionised water (without KCL) for comparison. The compressive and tensile strengths were evaluated for 28 and 90 days. The results exhibit that, as KCLconcentration increases, there is increase in compression and tensile strengths. The X-ray diffraction analysis has been carried out at 10 g/lit concentration. <#LINE#> @ @ Kejin W., Daniel E. N., and Wilfrid A. N., Damaging effects of deicing chemicals on concrete materials, Cement and Concrete Composites, 28(2), 173-178 (2006) @No $ @ @ Gorninsi J. P., Dal M. D. C. and Kazmierczak C. S., Strength degradation of polymer concrete in acidic environments, Cement and Concrete Composites,29(8), 637-645 (2007) @No $ @ @ Adnan C., Turgay C. and Ahmet E. B., Effects of environmental factors on the adhesion and durability characteristics of expoxy bonded concrete prisms, Construction and Building materials,23(2), 758-767 (2009) @No $ @ @ Fikret T., Fevziye A., Sema K., and Nabi Y., Effects of magnesium sulfate concentration on the sulfate resistance of mortars with and without silica fume, Cement andConcrete Research, 27(2), 205-214 (1997) @No $ @ @ Venkateswara Reddy V., Sudarshan Rao H. and  Jayaveer K. N., Influence of strong alkaline substances (sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) in mixing water on strength and setting properties of concrete, Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Sciences, 13(2), 123-128 (2006) @No 
<#LINE#>Artificial Neural Network Modelling for the Study of pH on the Fungal Treatment of Red mud<#LINE#>Diamond@Das,Jyotsna Snigdha@dandapat<#LINE#>108-112<#LINE#>15.pdf<#LINE#>Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa, INDIA @ Department of Biotechnology, FM University, Balasore, INDIA <#LINE#>16/4/2011<#LINE#>21/4/2014<#LINE#> The bioleaching of red mud a major waste in the aluminium industry obtained by alkaline treatment of bauxite was estimated in the present investigation by organic waste treatment. The waste was used as a media for fungal growth and maintained in the form of a solution. Red mud was added to the organic solution to prepare samples of different pulp density (i.e.20%, 40%, 60% and 80% w/v). The pH for different pulp densities of red mud with the period of incubation was observed after treatment with the fungal rich organic media. The pH as a fuction of initial pH, concentration of red mud and incubation period was modelled using the neural networks.  <#LINE#> @ @ Agatzini-Leonardouu S., Oustadakis P. and Tsakiridis P. E., Red Mud Addition in the Raw Meal for Production of Portland cement Clinker, J Hazard Mater, 116(1-2), 103 (2004) @No $ @ @ Ambreen N., Bhatti H.N. and Bhatti T.M., Bioleaching of bauxite by penicillium simplicissimum, Online J of Bio Sci, 2(12), 793-796 (2002) @No $ @ @ Beris H., Konstantions S., Leonidas Mendrinos N., Ochsenkuhn-Petropubu M.T., Salmas C.E., Pilot-Plant Investigation of the Leaching Process from the Recovery of Scandium from Red Mud, Indy. Egg. Chew, 41, 5794 (2002) @No $ @ @ Christoin J. and Geno H., Absorption of Arsenate from Water Using Neutralized Red Mud, J. Colloid Interface Sci, 264, 327 (2003) @No $ @ @ Das S.N. and Thakur R.S., International series on environment, Red mud analysis and utilization, Publication and information Directorate. N. Delhi (1995) @No $ @ @ Ghorbani Y., Oliazahed M. and Shahvedi A., Aluminum solubilization from red mud by some indigenous fungi in Iran, J. Appl. Biosci, , 207-213 (2008) @No $ @ @ Ghorbani Y., Oliazahed M. and Shahvedi A., Microbial leaching of Al from the waste of Bayer process by some selective fungi, Iran. J. Chem. Eng, 28, 109 (2009) @No $ @ @ Kawatra S.K. and Natarajan K.K., Microbial Aspect of Mineral Beneficiation, Metal Extraction and Environmental Control, Mineral Biotechnology, 37 (2001) @No $ @ @ Modak J., Natarajan K.A. and Vasan S.S., Some Recent Advances in the Bioprocess of Bauxite, Int. J. Miner. Process, 62, 173 (2001) @No $ @ @ Nalini J. and Sharama D.K., Biohydrometallurgy for Nanosulfidic Minerals, Geomicrobiol. J, 21, 135 (2004) @No
<#LINE#>Effects of Zinc and Tungsten Additions in  Mn–Mo–O Eectrocatalyst  for Hydrogen Production from Seawater Electrolysis<#LINE#>Jagadeesh@Bhattarai<#LINE#>13-119<#LINE#>16.pdf<#LINE#> Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, NEPAL <#LINE#>15/04/2011<#LINE#>20/4/2011<#LINE#> An attempt was made to enhance the oxygen evolution efficiency in seawater electrolysis by the additions of zinc and tungsten to the MnMoO electrocatalyst anodically deposited on the intermediate Ir1–x–ySnSb2+0.5y/Ti electrode to produce hydrogen gas necessary for CO recycling project. The Ir1–x–SnSb2+0.5y/Ti supported nanocrystalline –MnO type Mn–Mo–X(X=Zn,W)–O electrocatalysts with grain size of about 4–10 nm were tailored by anodic deposition and these anodes showed the almost 100 % oxygen evolution efficiency at 1000 A.m-2 in 0.5 M NaCl solution of pH 1 at 25C. They guaranteed the stable anode performance of 99.75–99.85 % oxygen evolution efficiencies for more than 5 months.<#LINE#> @ @ Hashimoto K., Kato Z., Kumagai N. and Izumiya K., Materials and technology for supply of renewable energy and prevention of global warming, J. Physics: Conference Series,144, 1 (2009) @No $ @ @ Hashimoto K., Metastable metal for green materials for global atmosphere conservation and abundant energy supply, Mater Sci Eng.,A179/A180, 27 (1994) @No $ @ @ Hashimoto K., Habazaki H., Yamasaki M., Meguro S., Sasaki T., Katagiri H., Matsui T., Fujimura K., Izumiya K., Kumagai N. and Akiyama E., Advanced materials for global carbon dioxide recycling, Mater. Sci. Eng.,A304-306, 88 (2001) @No $ @ @ Hashimoto K., Yamasaki M., Meguro S., Sasaki T., Katagiri H., Izumiya K., Kumagai N., Habazaki H., Akiyama E. and Asami K., Corros. Sci.,44, 371 (2002) @No $ @ @ Izumiya K., Akiyama E., Habazaki H., Kawashima A., Asami K. and Hashimoto K., Surface activation of manganese oxide electrode for oxygen evolution from seawater, J. Appl. Electrochem.,27, 1362 (1997) @No $ @ @ Izumiya K., Akiyama E., Habazaki H., Kumagai N., Kawashima A. and Hashimoto K., Effects of a additional elements on electrocatalytic properties of thermally decomposed manganese oxide electrodes for oxygen evolution from seawater, Mater. Trans. JIM,38, 899 (1997) @No $ @ @ Izumiya K., Akiyama E., Habazaki H., Kumagai N., Kawashima A. and Hashimoto K., Anodically deposited manganese oxide and manganesetungsten oxide electrodes for oxygen evolution from seawater, Electrochim. Acta,43, 3303 (1998) @No $ @ @ Fujimura K., Izumiya K., Kawashima A., Akiyama E., Habazaki H., Kumagai N., Kawashima A. and Hashimoto K., Anodically deposited manganesemolybdenum oxide anodes with high selectivity for evolving oxygen in electrolysis of seawater, J. Appl. Electrochem.,29, 765 (1999) @No $ @ @ Fujimura K., Matsui T., Habazaki H., Kawashima A., Kumagai N. and Hashimoto K., The durability of manganesemolybdenum oxide anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis, Electrochim. Acta,45, 2297 (2000) @No $ @ @ Habazaki H., Matsui T., Kawashima A., Kumagai N. and Hashimoto K., Nanocrystalline manganesemolybdenumtungsten oxide anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis, Scripta Mater.,44, 1659 (2001) @No $ @ @ Abdel Ghany N. A., Kumagai N., Meguro S., Asami K. and Hashimoto K., Oxygen evolution anodes composed of anodically deposited Mn–Mo–Fe oxides for seawater electrolysis,Electrochim. Acta, 48, 21 (2002) @No $ @ @ El–Moneim A.A., Kumagai N., Asami K. and Hashimoto K., New nanocrystalline manganesemolybdenumtin oxide anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis. in Corrosion and Electrochemistry of Advanced Materials in Honor of Koji Hashimoto (Eds S. Fujimoto, H. Habazaki, E. Akiyama and B. MacDougall), ECS Transactions, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ. 1(4), 491 (2006) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai J., Shinomiya H., Kato Z., Izumiya K., Kumagai N. and Hashimoto K., Improvement of the intermediate layer in preventing insulating oxide formation in titanium substrate for oxygen evolution anodes in seawater electrolysis, in Proc. 54th Japan Conf. Materials & Environments, Japan Society of Corrosion Engineers (JSCE), Hiroshima, Japan, C–207, 345 (2007) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai J., The effect of antimony in the intermediate IrO–SnO–Sb oxide layer on titanium substrate for oxygen evolution MN1-x-MoSn2+x anodes in seawater electrolysis Nepal Chem. Soc.,23, 21 2008-(2009) @No $ @ @ Kato Z., Bhattarai J., Izumiya K., Kumagai N and Hashimoto K., The improvement of the intermediate layer by substitution of iridium with tin in MnMoSn triple oxide/IrOanodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis, in Abstract book of 214Electrochemical Society Meeting, Abstract No. 1632, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ (2008) @No $ @ @ El–Moneim A.A., Bhattarai J.Izumiya K., Kumagai N. and Hashimoto K.Mn–Mo–Sn oxide anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production, in Oxide Films(Eds P Marcus, S Fujimoto and H Terryn), ECS TransactionsThe Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ25(40), 127 (2010) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai J., Roles of antimony and molybdenum additions in MnO/IrOSnOSb/Ti anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis (2010) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai J., Effects of tin, antimony and molybdenum in MnSnSb2+0.5y/Ti anodes for oxygen evolution in seawater electrolysis(2010) @No $ @ @ Kato Z., Bhattarai J., Izumiya Kand Hashimoto K.intermediate layer by formation of tindioxide in oxygen evolution aseawater electrolysis,Electrochemical Society Meeting1942, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ (2009) @No $ @ @ Kato Z., Bhattarai J., Izumiya Kand Hashimoto K., Durability enhancement and degradation of oxygen evolution anodes in seawater electrolysis for hydrogen productionAppl. Surf. Sci.,in press (2011) @No $ @ @ Bhattarai J., The development of the intermediate SnOSbsubstrate for oxygen evolution anodes in seawater electrolysis,54 2008)(2009) @No $ @ @ Cullity B. D., Elements of Xnd edition, Addison-101 (1977) @No 
<#LINE#>Synthesis of 2-Cyclopentene-1-one Derivatives by Aldol Condensation<#LINE#>CAI@Xiao-hua,Bing@XIE<#LINE#>120-122 <#LINE#>17.pdf<#LINE#> College of Chemistry and environmental Science, Guizhou University for Nationalites, Guiyang, CHINA <#LINE#>16/1/2011<#LINE#>21/4/2011<#LINE#> Aldol condensation of benzil and ketone with -hydrogen atom in the presence of a solution of sodium hydroxide was carried out to afford some valuable 2-cyclopentene-1-one derivatives in 35~85 yield. <#LINE#> @ @  Roberts S. M., Santoro M. G. and  Guyot T., J.Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 2437, (1999) @No $ @ @  Tian J., Li D. L., Zhai, F. Y., Wang, X. H., and Li, R., Med. Chem. Res., 19, 1162,(2009) @No $ @ @  Gabriella S. M., Antonio R., Giuliano E., EP 1704855 A2, 09-27 (2006) @No $ @ @  Zhang L. M. and Wang, S. Z., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 1442, (2006) @No $ @ @  Wade L. G., Organic Chemistry, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1056, 6th ed. (2005) @No $ @ @  Mahrwald R., Modern Aldol Reactions, Volumes 1 and 2. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA. 1218, (s2004) @No $ @ @   Wang Z., Yin G., Qin J., Gao M., Cao L., Wu A., Synthesis, 3565 (2008) @No $ @ @   Zhou J., List B., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 7498 (2007) @No
<#LINE#>Spectrophotometric Determination of Ibutilide Fumarate in Bulk Drug substance form<#LINE#>M.Satya@Babu,Nitisha@Soni,B.V.@Srinivas<#LINE#>123-127<#LINE#>18.pdf<#LINE#>  SAP Limited, Hyderabad, INDIA <#LINE#>16/1/2011<#LINE#>21/4/2011<#LINE#> A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of Ibutilide fumarate in bulk drug substance form.  The method is based on ‘complex formation’ concept under acidic conditions with acid dyes e.g. TPOOO.  The colored species have absorption maxima at 485nm and obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 2.5 – 20 g mL-1. The absorbance was found to be increasing linearly with increasing concentration of Ibutilide, which is corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient value of 0.9995 (n=8).  The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity are 3.611x104 1 mole cm-1 and 0.024 g cm-2 respectively. The slope and intercept of equation of regression line are 0.0403 and 0.0144 respectively.  The limit of detection was 0.561 g mL-1  The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction were studied and also validity of the described procedure was assessed.  The statistical analysis of results revealed high accuracy and good precision.  The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Ibutilide Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in bulk drug substance form. <#LINE#> @ @    Li Hong, Yu Zixun, Yue Changlin, Liu Xinhong, Zhu Yanan, Method for manufacturing ibutilide fumarate freeze-dried powder injection with high stability,Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu,  (2007) @No $ @ @    Xia Min, Zhang Tongxiang, Nasal formulations containing ibutilide for the treatment of arrhythmia Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu,  11 (2005) @No $ @ @    Hsu C. L., and Walters, Chiral separation of ibutilide enantiomers by derivatization with 1-naphthyl isocyanate and high-performance liquid chromatography on a Pirkle column,  R. R., Journal of Chromatography,550(1-2), I621-8(1991) @No $ @ @    Li Hong, Yue Changliln and Sun Bin, Method for preparation of Ibutilide fumarate, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu 13 (2006) @No $ @ @   Perricone  Sam C., Chidester Constance G. and Hester Jackson B., Synthesis of (R)-N-[4-[4-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxybutyl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide, (E)-2-butenedioate (2:1) salt (artilide fumarate) and the enantiomers of N-[4-[4-(ethylheptylamino)-1-hydroxybutyl]phenyl] methanesulfonamide, (E)-2-butenedioate (2:1) salt (ibutilide fumarate),TetrahedronAssymetry,  7(3), 677-90 (1996) @No $ @ @    Knobloch Karten, Brendel Joachim, Rosenstein Bjoern, Bleich Markus, Busch Andreas E. and Wirth Klaus J., Atrial-selective antiarrhythmic actions of novel Ikur vs. Ikr, Iks, and IKAch class   Ic drugs and beta blockers in pigs,Medical sciences monitor,10(7) BR221-BR228 (2004) @No $ @ @    Hester Jackson B., Gibson John K., Buchanan Lewis V., Cimini Madelilne G., Clark Michael A., Emmert D. Edward, Glavanovich Michael A., Imbordino Rick J., Lemay Richelle J., McMillan Moses W., Perricone Salvatore C., Squires Donald M. and Walters Rodney R., Progress toward the Development of a Safe and Effective Agent for Treating Reentrant Cardiac Arrhythmias: Synthesis and Evaluation of Ibutilide Analogues with Enhanced Metabolic   Stability and Diminished Proarrhythmic Potential, Journal of Medicinal chemistry, 44(7), 1099-1115 (2001) @No $ @ @    Oral Hakan., Electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment,Cardiovascular Reviews and Reports, 21(4), 200-202 (2000) @No $ @ @    Vander Lugt, James T., Mattioni Thomas, Denker Stephen, Torchiana David, Ahern Thomas, Wakefield Linda K., Perry Kimberly T., Kowey Peter R., Efficacy and safety of ibutilide fumarate for the conversion of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery,Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,100(4), 369-375 (1999) @No $ @ @   Robinson Casey, Robinson Ken, Castaner J., Ibutilide fumarate, Class III antiarrhythmic, Corvert, U-70226E,Drugs of the Future, 21(9), 894-900 (1996) @No $ @ @   Cimini Madeline G., Brunden Marshall N., Gibson J., Kenneth., Effects of ibutilide fumarate, a novel antiarrhythmic agent, and its enantiomers on isolated rabbit myocardium, European Journal of Pharmacology,222(1), 93-98 (1992) @No 
<#LINE#>Modelling of Compressive Strength of Cement Slurry at different Slurry Weights and Temperatures<#LINE#>Joel@O.F.,F.T.@Ademiluyi<#LINE#>127-134<#LINE#>19.pdf<#LINE#>Dept. of Petroleum and Gas Eng., Faculty of Eng., University of Port Harcourt, NIGERIA @ Dep.t of Chemical/ Petrochemical Eng., Rivers State University of Sci. and Tech., Port Harcourt, NIGERIA<#LINE#>17/4/2011<#LINE#>21/1/2011<#LINE#>The effect of temperature and slurry weight on compressive strength was investigated. Tests were conducted for 70, 80, 90,100 and 105 �F as well as slurry weights of 1.96, 1.98 and 2.0kg/l for test periods of 12, 24, 72 and 168hrs respectively. Test results indicated that compressive strength is a function of temperature and slurry weight, at a higher temperature and slurry weight respectively, compressive strength development is faster and vice-versa. Model coefficients were obtained using DATA FIT Engineering software and models which predict compressive strength with respect to temperature and slurry weight were developed. Results calculated from the model equation showed a good agreement with experimental values with less than 1% deviation. This will help predict compressive strength at different temperatures and slurry weights thereby saving time and rigour associated with actual laboratory pilot tests.<#LINE#> @ @   Young J. F. and Hansen W., Volume relationship for C-S-H formation based on hydration stoichiometry, Microstructural Development during Hydration of CementMaterial, Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (Boston, MA, 1986 ed L.J. Struble and P.W. Brown (Pittsburgh, PA: Materials Research Society) 313-22 (1987) @No $ @ @  Lu P., Sun G. K. and Young J. F., Phase composition of hydrated DSP cement Pastes, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,(1993) @No $ @ @   Chiesi C. W., Myers D. F. and Gartner E. M., Relationship between clinker properties and strength development in the presence of additives, Proc. 14th Int. Conf. on Cement Microscopy(1992) @No $ @ @  Nelson E. B., Well Cementing Elsener, New York, 9-14 (1990) @No $ @ @  API, American Petroleum Institute: Specification for Material and Testing Well   Cements, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, Northwest, Washington DC, USA (1990) @No $ @ @  API, American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, API Recommended Practice 10B, 22nded., December (1997) @No $ @ @   Smith. D. K., Cementing, SPE Monograph Series, 4.2 (1987) @No $ @ @  Worldwide Cementing Practices, API, First Edition (1991) @No 
@Research Paper
<#LINE#>Targeted drug delivery system: A Review<#LINE#>Manish@Gupta,Vimukta@Sharma<#LINE#>135-138<#LINE#>20.pdf<#LINE#> BM College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Indore, INDIA <#LINE#>17/1/2011<#LINE#>04/5/2011<#LINE#>Targeted drug delivery is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that increases the concentration of the medication in some parts of the body relative to others. Targeted drug delivery seeks to concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the medication in the remaining tissues. This improves efficacy of the while reducing side effects. It is very difficult for a drug molecule to reach its destination in the complex cellular network of an organism. Targeted delivery of drugs, as the name suggests, is to assist the drug molecule to reach preferably to the desired site. The inherent advantage of this technique has been the reduction in dose & side effect of the drug. Research related to the development of targeted drug delivery system is now a day is highly preferred and facilitating field of pharmaceutical world. A quantum dot is a semiconductor nanostructure which is particularly significant for optical applications due to their theoretically high quantum yield. Transdermal devices allow for pharmaceuticals to be delivered across the skin barrier. Molecules as diverse as small radiodiagnostic imaging agents to large DNA plasmid formulations have successfully been delivered inside FR-positive cells and tissue.<#LINE#> @ @  Chien Y.W., Novel drug delivery systems, Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences,   50, New York, 797, 992 (2008) @No $ @ @  Allen T. M. and Cullis P. R., Drug Delivery Systems, Entering the Mainstream Science, 1818 @No $ @ @  Nacht S.  and Kantz M,  A.,  Novel  Topical  Programmable Delivery System, Topical Drug Delivery Systems, 299-325 (1992) @No $ @ @  Won R., Method for delivering an active ingredient by controlled time release utilizing a novel delivery vehicle, 825 (1987) @No