The Snail Spurt- An Issue of Concern

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The Snail Spurt- An Issue of Concern

Mathai ReemySara

Author Affiliations

¹ Department of Zoology, University of Kerala, Kariavattom-695581, INDIA

Int. Res. J. Environment Sci., Volume 3, Issue (6), Pages 88-91, June,22 (2014)

Abstract

Achatina fulica, a moisture dependent, nocturnal snail has made its presence known in the warm and humid tropical regions of the globe and established itself as a serious pest causing severe agricultural and economic losses. Widespread attack of the giant African snail in Kariavattom campus premises destroying the banana plantations raised my concern. The factors influencing the snail spurt, its impacts and control measures are discussed.

References

Bequaert J.C., Studies on the Achatinidae, a group of African land snails, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, (105), 1-216, (1950)
Raut S.K and Ghose K.C., Viability of sperm in two aestivating land snails Achatina fulica Bowdich and Macrochamys indica Godwin–Austen, Journal of Molluscan Studies (48), 84-86, (1982)
USDA–APHIS, New Pest Response Guidelines. Giant African Snails: Snail Pests in the Family Achatinidae. USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs–Emergency Planning, Riverdale, Maryland.http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/index.shtml(2005)
Balasubramanian M. and P. Kalayanasundaram., A note on the incidence of giant African snail, Achatina fulica Bowdich, Annamalai University Agricultural Research Annual, (4/5), 217, (1974)
Mead A.R., The Giant African Snail: A problem in economic Malacology, The University of Chicago press, Chicago, (1961)
Kliks M.M., Kroenke K. and Hardman J.M., Eosinophilicradiculomyeloencephalitis: an angiostrongyliasis outbreak in American Samoa related to ingestion of Achatina fulica snails, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 31(6), 1114-1122, (1982)
Raut S.K. and Barker G.M., Achatina fulica Bowdich and other Achatinidae as Pests in Tropical Agriculture. In: Barker G.M. (ed.). Molluscs and crop pest. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 55-114, (2002)
Cook A., Behavioural Ecology: on doing the Right thing, in the right place at the right time. In: Barker, G.M. (ed.). The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 447-487,(2001)
Egonmwan R.I., The effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and maturation rate of Limicolariaflammea. Muller (Pulmonata: Achatinidae), Journal of African Zoology, 105(1), 69-75, (1991)
Chaurasia Sadhana and Karan Raj, Water Quality and Pollution load of River Mandakini at Chitrakoot, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 2(6), 13-19, (2013)
Shivayogimath C.B, Kalburgi P.B, Deshannavar U.B. and Virupakshaiah D.B.M., Water Quality Evaluation of River Ghataprabha (India), I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 1(1), 12-18 (2012)
Agrawal G.D. and Kannan G.K., Degradation of River due to Diffuse Activities and Appropriate Approach for Management-A Case Study of River Mandakini, J. Indian Assoc. Environ. Manag., 23, 113-121 (1994)
Rao M.V.S., Rao V.D. and Andrews B.S.A., Assessment of Quality of Drinking Water at Srikurmam in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 1(2), 13- 20 (2012)
Deshmukh K.K., Impact of Human Activities on the Quality of Groundwater from Sangamner Area, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 2(8), 66-74, (2013)
Dallinger, R., Berger, B., Triebskorn-Kohler., R. and Kohler, H., Soil Biology and Ecotoxicology, In: Barker, G.M. (ed.). The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 489-525, (2001)
Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 91Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology, 140(3/4), 422–426, (2005)
Ebenso I.E., Molluscicidal effects of neem (Azadiracht aindica) extracts on edible tropical land snails, Pest Management Science, 60(2), 178–182 (2004)

[ref1] Bequaert J.C., Studies on the Achatinidae, a group of African land snails, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, (105), 1-216, (1950)

[ref2] Raut S.K and Ghose K.C., Viability of sperm in two aestivating land snails Achatina fulica Bowdich and Macrochamys indica Godwin–Austen, Journal of Molluscan Studies (48), 84-86, (1982)

[ref3] USDA–APHIS, New Pest Response Guidelines. Giant African Snails: Snail Pests in the Family Achatinidae. USDA–APHIS–PPQ–Emergency and Domestic Programs–Emergency Planning, Riverdale, Maryland.http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/manuals/index.shtml(2005)

[ref4] Balasubramanian M. and P. Kalayanasundaram., A note on the incidence of giant African snail, Achatina fulica Bowdich, Annamalai University Agricultural Research Annual, (4/5), 217, (1974)

[ref5] Mead A.R., The Giant African Snail: A problem in economic Malacology, The University of Chicago press, Chicago, (1961)

[ref6] Kliks M.M., Kroenke K. and Hardman J.M., Eosinophilicradiculomyeloencephalitis: an angiostrongyliasis outbreak in American Samoa related to ingestion of Achatina fulica snails, The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 31(6), 1114-1122, (1982)

[ref7] Raut S.K. and Barker G.M., Achatina fulica Bowdich and other Achatinidae as Pests in Tropical Agriculture. In: Barker G.M. (ed.). Molluscs and crop pest. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 55-114, (2002)

[ref8] Cook A., Behavioural Ecology: on doing the Right thing, in the right place at the right time. In: Barker, G.M. (ed.). The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K. 447-487,(2001)

[ref9] Egonmwan R.I., The effects of temperature and photoperiod on growth and maturation rate of Limicolariaflammea. Muller (Pulmonata: Achatinidae), Journal of African Zoology, 105(1), 69-75, (1991)

[ref10] Chaurasia Sadhana and Karan Raj, Water Quality and Pollution load of River Mandakini at Chitrakoot, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 2(6), 13-19, (2013)

[ref11] Shivayogimath C.B, Kalburgi P.B, Deshannavar U.B. and Virupakshaiah D.B.M., Water Quality Evaluation of River Ghataprabha (India), I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 1(1), 12-18 (2012)

[ref12] Agrawal G.D. and Kannan G.K., Degradation of River due to Diffuse Activities and Appropriate Approach for Management-A Case Study of River Mandakini, J. Indian Assoc. Environ. Manag., 23, 113-121 (1994)

[ref13] Rao M.V.S., Rao V.D. and Andrews B.S.A., Assessment of Quality of Drinking Water at Srikurmam in Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 1(2), 13- 20 (2012)

[ref14] Deshmukh K.K., Impact of Human Activities on the Quality of Groundwater from Sangamner Area, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India, I. Res. J. Environmen Sci., 2(8), 66-74, (2013)

[ref15] Dallinger, R., Berger, B., Triebskorn-Kohler., R. and Kohler, H., Soil Biology and Ecotoxicology, In: Barker, G.M. (ed.). The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K., 489-525, (2001)

[ref16] Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association 91Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology and Pharmacology, 140(3/4), 422–426, (2005)

[ref17] Ebenso I.E., Molluscicidal effects of neem (Azadiracht aindica) extracts on edible tropical land snails, Pest Management Science, 60(2), 178–182 (2004)