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Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and their Mitigation Strategies for Food Security in Agriculture: A Review

Author Affiliations

  • 1College of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, P.A.U, Ludhiana (PB), INDIA
  • 2Scientist, I.C.A.R Research complex for NEH Region, Sikkim centre, Sikkim, INDIA
  • 3Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, INDIA
  • 4Assistant manager, T.M.I.L, Paradeep, Orissa, INDIA

Int. Res. J. Biological Sci., Volume 1, Issue (3), Pages 72-77, July,10 (2012)

Abstract

Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century. The intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) concludes that most of the observed temperature increases since the middle of the 20th century was caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.. A rise in earth’s temperatures can in turn root to other alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the quantity and pattern of rainfall. The 2001 IPCC third assessment report concluded that the poorest countries would be hardest hit, with reductions in crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions due to decreased water availability, and new or changed insect pest incidence. Increasing temperature would increase fertilizer requirement for the same production targets; and result in higher emissions. The agricultural sector is both an emitter of greenhouse gases and a victim of global warming. Agriculture accounts for roughly 14% of global GHGs or about 6.8 Gt of COequivalents (e) per year.Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming. It can be done through conservation by reducing energy needs and efficient recycling and through use of alternate energy sources like nuclear, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, solar and fusion energy. Soil carbon sequestration off-set emissions from fossil fuel combustion and other carbon-emitting activities while enhancing soil quality and long-term agronomic productivity. It can be done through conservation tillage, residue management, green manuring and agro forestry system. Significant amount of diesel requirement and corresponding emission of CO is reduced in case of zero tillage compared to conventional tillage. Modification of water management from continuous flooding to midseason drainage or alternate flooding will reduce the methane emission by 23 and 61 % respectively. Site-specific nutrient management is a plant need-based approach for ‘feeding’ rice with nutrients as when needed with the help of leaf colour chart and SPAD meter significantly reducing NO loss.

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