International E-publication: Publish Projects, Dissertation, Theses, Books, Souvenir, Conference Proceeding with ISBN.  International E-Bulletin: Information/News regarding: Academics and Research

Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) Approach: An Overview

Author Affiliations

  • 1Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Kathmandu, Nepal

Res. J. Agriculture & Forestry Sci., Volume 8, Issue (2), Pages 45-52, April,8 (2020)

Abstract

The combined use of chemical and biological measures, use of tactical mixture of many measures and use of pesticide only when it is inevitable were the major components of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technologies of different time periods. All these concepts of IPM have been derailed from its core theme and was unable to reduce the pesticide use. Therefore, a new approach known as Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) consists of new principle of IPM with several novel extension approaches of farmer empowerment and education has been emerged. The objectives of this study is to update available information on various aspects of Participatory Integrated Pest Management (PIPM) strategy against major pests and diseases of different crops by reviewing the available materials. The study was conducted with data and information collected from several journals, proceedings and books. The new concept of IPM was derived from the natural agro-ecosystem of ancient time in which the pest population and the population of their natural enemies were naturally adjusted by ecosystem. The notion of PIMP was to enhance the knowledge of farmers on underlying ecological principles of their crop fields through non-formal education. The approach is popularly known as IPM farmers´ field school, which provides practical knowledge to farmers on ecosystem of their crop field and focuses on empowerment of the farmers for their multi-dimensional development. PIPM conduct farmers lead practical sessions, which include planning, training and education on field ecosystem analysis, special topics on agriculture production, practical observation of interaction of pest and predators in insect zoo, group dynamic activities and self-evaluation of the experience and outcomes of FFS. The previous approach of IPM was heavily centralized and followed the top down approach. The approach was research driven instead of farmers driven, so farmers couldn´t feel affection on the IPM technology generated on research station and brought directly to their field. In addition, the technology developed in a specific environment of research station was not compatible to diverse agro-ecosystem of their field and was inappropriate for varied socio-economic condition of farmers. The experience of FFS conducted so far in several countries of Asia indicates the sustainable nature of this approach; however, several factors such as institutional, socio-economical, technical and educational factor influence on the sustainability of the approach. The extent of influence of these factors may differ among countries and communities. Many of these factors could be manage in few countries, where as it is difficult to cope up with these factors in the other countries. The weak linkages among the various institution and lack of experts in under developed countries hinder the adoption of PIMP. The higher percentage of marginal farmers for whom agriculture is the only source of livelihood is the limitation as well as a prospect for extension of the PIPM approach in countries like Nepal. PIPM is a unique and appropriate approach of pest management which has been tested and adopted by several countries of Asia. PIMP could reduce the injudicious use of pesticides in agriculture sectors, if precise and sincere attempts of researchers, extension staffs, government and other stake holders are readily and constantly available.

References

  1. Ooi, P.A.C. (1986)., Insecticides Disrupt Natural Control of Nilaparvata lugens in Sekinchan, Malaysia., In: Hussein, M. Y. and Ibrahim, A. G. (eds.). Biological Control in the Tropics. pp. 109-120, University Pertanian, Malaysia, Serdang.
  2. Stern, V.M., Smith, R.F., Vanden, B. R. and Hagen, K.S. (1959)., The integrated control concept., Hilgardia. 29, 81-101.
  3. Waterhouse, D.F. (1992)., Biological Control: a viable strategy for the tropics., In: Ooi, P.A.C., Guan-Soon, L. and Paul, S. T. (eds.), Biological control: Issue in the tropics. Proceedings of the biological control session 3rd. International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics held in Genting Highlands, Malaysia, 20-23 March, 1990 Pp: 1-13.
  4. Chin, H., Othman, Y., Loke, W. H. and Rahman, S. A. (1991)., National Integrated Pest Management in Malaysia., In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Integrated Pest Management in Asia Pacific Region, pp. 191-209, Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau International (CABI), Kuala Lumpur.
  5. Syed, A. R., Sivapragasam, A., Loke, W. H. and Fauziah, I. (1997)., Classical Biological Control of Diamondback Moth: The Malaysian Experience., In: Sivapragasam, A. (ed.), Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on the Management of Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Pests, pp. 71-77, MARDI, Kuala Lumpur.
  6. Mah, S. Y., Mohamad, M. N. R. and Jamaludin, S. (2001)., An Integrated Pest Management Package for Chili., MARDI Occasional Paper 1/2001, MARDI, Serdang, 7 pp.
  7. Ooi, P.A.C. (2000)., Present status of IPM in the Asian region., In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Farmer led Integrated Pest management. Report of the APO seminar on Integrated Pest management held in Bangkok from 20 - 24 April, 1998. Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo.
  8. Weel, P. and Harry, V. W. (1999)., Participatory integrated pest management. Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs., Development Corporation. 67 P.
  9. Wagge, J. (1992)., Quantifying the impact of pesticides on natural enemies., In: Ooi, P.A.C., Guan-Soon, L. and Paul, S. T. (eds.), Biological control: Issue in the tropics. Proceedings of the Biological control session 3rd. International Conference on Plant Protection in the Tropics held in Genting Highlands, Malaysia, 20-23, March. 1990. pp: 23-30.
  10. Way, M.J. and Emden, H. F.V. (2000)., Integrated pest management in practice: Pathways towards successful application., Crop Protection, 19 (2), 81-103.
  11. Ooi, P.A.C. (2005)., Some non-pesticide methods for managing crop insect pests- present status, issues and strategies., In: Ooi, P.A.C. (ed.), Non pesticide methods for controlling Diseases and Insect pests. Report of the APO Seminar on non-pesticide methods for controlling Diseases and Insect Pests held in Japan, 10-17 April, 2002. Asian Productivity Organization. Tokyo.
  12. Kenmore, P.E. (1996)., Integrated pest management in rice., In: Parsley, G. J.(ed.), Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management. Cab International, Wallingford, UK. pp:76-97
  13. Ooi, P.A.C., Walter-Echols, G., Dai, W. D., Morales-Abubakar, A.L., Lim, G.S., Soomro, M.H., Galvan, C., Mancini, F., Petersen, R. and Kamp, K. (2004)., Environmental Education for Poor Farmers., FAO-EU IPM Programs for Cotton in Asia. FAO Regional Office, Asia and Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 62 pp.
  14. Ooi, P.A.C. (1996)., Experiences in educating rice farmers to understand biological control., Entomophaga, 41, 375-385.
  15. Dilts, R. and Pontius, J. (2000)., IPM and Farmer-led Development: Lessons from Indonesia., In: Ooi, P. A. C. (ed.), Farmer-led Integrated Pest Management. pp. 34-42, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo, Japan.
  16. Soejirno, J. (1992)., Integrated pest management in rice in Indonesia; A success story., APAARI publication. Pp: 68.
  17. Bijlmakers, H. (2005)., Farmers Field Schools for IPM- Refresh your memory., IPM, DANIDA. 59 pp.
  18. Pontius, J., Russell, D. and Andrew, B. (eds). (2002)., Ten Years of IPM Training in Asia; from Farmer Field Schools to Community IPM., FAO, RAP, Bangkok. 106 pp.
  19. Kenmore, P.E., Heong, K.L. and Putter, C.A. (1985)., Political, social and perceptual aspects of integrated pest management programs., In: Lee, B.S., Loke, W.H. and Heong, K.L. (eds.), Integrated Pest Management in Asia. Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 47-66.
  20. Peter, S., Stiefel, J. and Hurlimann, M. (1997)., Extension of complex issues; successes factors in integrated pest management., Swiss agency for development and cooperation. 100 pp.
  21. Henk, V. B., Ooi, P. A.C., Arief, L. H., Hartjahjo, A. and Widyastama, C. (2004)., Farmer Field Research: An analysis of experiences in Indonesia., The FAO Programs for Community IPM in Asia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp:63.
  22. Rengam, S. (1992)., Biological controls a consumer perspective., In: Ooi, P.A.C., Lim, G.S. and Teng, P.S. (eds.), Biological Control: Issues in the Tropics. pp. 1-13.
  23. Murdoch, W. W., Reeve, J. D., Huffaker, C. B. and Kennett,C. E. (1984)., Biological Control of Olive Scale and Its Relevance to Ecological Theory., American Naturalist, 123, 371-392.
  24. Longely, M. and Izquierdo,J. L. (1994)., Spatial and Temporal Changes in Aphid Parasitoid Distributions Following an Insecticide application to Winter Wheat., Proceeding of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference - Pests and Diseases. pp. 951-952, British Crop Protection Council, Brighton.
  25. Dempster, J. P., Atkinson, D. A. and French, M. C. (1995)., The Spatial Population Dynamics of Insects Exploiting a Patchy Food Resource: II. Movements between Patches., Oecologia, 104, 354-362.
  26. Perry, J. N. (1995)., Spatial Aspects of Animal and Plant Distribution in Patchy Farmland Habitats., In: Glen, D. M., Anderson, H.M. and Greaves, M.P. (eds.), Ecology and Integrated Farming Systems. John Wiley and Sons, West Sussex. pp. 221-242.
  27. Matteson, P.C. (1995)., The 50% pesticide cuts in Europe: a glimpse of our future?, Am. Entomol, 41, 210-220.
  28. Anonymous (2015)., Statistical information on Nepalese Agriculture. Ministry of Agricultural Development., Kathmandu, Nepal. 252pp.
  29. Anonymous (2017)., Statistical Year Book of Nepal., Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal. 274 pp.
  30. Upadhyay, B. (1996)., IPM: A farmer center approach to plant protection., Paper presented at the workshop on challenges and opportunities to IPM implementation in Nepal, 20-21 March, 1996, Parwanipur, Nepal.
  31. Giri, Y. P. (2000)., Country Paper: Nepal. In: Ooi,P. A. C. (ed.), Farmer led Integrated Pest management., Report of the APO seminar on Integrated Pest Management held in Bangkok from 20 - 24 April, 1998. Asian Productivity Organization. pp: 153-177.
  32. Anonymous (2000)., Statistical Year Book of Nepal., Nepal Planning Commission. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal. 190 pp.
  33. K.C., Ganesh (1996)., Farm level extension and adaptation of IPM technologies., Paper presented at the Workshop on IPM, CRSP held at NARC, 5-6 February, 1996, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  34. Gyawali, B. K. (1996)., Current status and future research strategy of IPM in NARC., Paper presented at the workshop on IPM held at NARC, 5-6 February, 1996, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  35. Matteson, P.C. (2000)., Insect pest management in tropical Asian irrigated rice., Ann. Rev. Ent., 45, 547-572.